The Poverty Stricken People Of Canada Social Work Essay

The Poverty Stricken People Of Canada Social Work Essay One of the first microsystem reasons for destitution would be if an individual originated from a ruined family. This is an inclining factor that an individual is probably going to become devastated themselves, if their group of root was poor also. The greater part the youngsters in the United States living in neediness grew up to be devastated, while 1 out of 4 grew up to have a low financial status and 1 of every 3 in Canada (Corak, 2006). Additionally, as indicated by the content Social Inequality: Patterns and Processes fourth ed., by Martin Mager, low parental pay, may bring about less fortunate quality training, proceeding with the cycle by making it hard to get a satisfactory line of work because of absence of instruction. That absence of training turns into a propagating factor, which keeps up the cycle (Mager, 2008). Another reason for destitution at times might be separation or single parenthood. This would be a hastening cause in light of the fact that together a couple on two earnings might have the option to help a kid, be that as it may, partitioned they might not have the pay to give as they did beforehand. As per an investigation done in Ottawa, youngsters in single parent homes are bound to get devastated, particularly when there was more than one kid living in the home (Fleury, 2008). By and large, one parent may have remained at home to think about youngsters and the family unit, while the other worked, implying that parent would be reliant on the other parent. On the off chance that a separation happens, the needy parent no longer has the other parent to help them, and they might not have work, making it exceptionally simple for them to fall into destitution. One more reason for neediness is compulsion, which can be both an encouraging and a sustaining cause. Addictions can frequently prompt loss of business and abuse of funds which can welcome on and propagate the issue of destitution. Lawrence M. Mead says in spite of the fact that neediness isn't a compulsion, it is regularly brought about by and causes habit. Fixation has an unequivocal stream impact on destitution. On the off chance that one has a dependence, for instance, to a medication, it turns into the most significant thing in their life, all their cash goes to buying the medication, all their time is committed to scoring and taking medications, which implies, they may not go to class or work, or their conduct makes them be excused, which means they have no methods for a salary. The addicts salary would go towards drugs, and not different requirements, or they would not have a pay by any stretch of the imagination, leaving them in destitution. Ultimately, a reason for destitution is frequently obligation and poor obligation the executives. It is conceivable to live with some obligation and not need to live in destitution, notwithstanding if obligation isn't overseen appropriately and turns out to be more than one is fit for managing, it can prompt neediness. 4,000,000 Americans would fall underneath the government destitution line if the intrigue they pay on their Mastercards and other shopper obligations were deducted from their livelihoods says a San Francisco Chronicle article. These individuals are known as the obligation poor (Abate, 2009). These individuals, in spite of the fact that they may not resemble the cliché poor, they in fact don't have the way to get the necessities of life and, eventually are confronted with insolvency and the loss of their home. Microsystem Consequences A microsystem outcome of destitution is low confidence. It is evident youngsters living in a difficult situation purchasing the most recent patterns, their folks may not drive the most delightful vehicle or drive a vehicle by any means, perhaps they don't have a washer and dryer thus some of the time they need to abandon clean garments for a period. Their folks can't stand to place them in music exercises or sign them up for sports groups. A few kids, who are versatile would not let this prevent them from being certain, be that as it may, not all kids comprehend that they are not on a level playing field, so to talk and accept that it is a shortcoming in themselves and not disparity inside the framework and feel that their own value is straightforwardly identified with their monetary worth. A kid with the apparatuses to succeed is bound to succeed and on the off chance that they succeed, they become progressively sure, making them bound to face more challenges, with a probability of succeeding again and expanding their certainty more. At times, kids in neediness come up short on those instruments, or need to work more earnestly for them, which means they don't prevail as frequently, diminishing their confidence (Eric J. Swamp, 2010). Tormenting is another result of destitution that regularly obliges low confidence. Youngsters in destitution are regularly harassed. As indicated by an investigation done in the UK, low-salary kids are frequently the objective of tormenting in wealthier territories, as a result of their financial status (Branigan, 2007). One of every 13 youngsters in a universal investigation of 35 nations and in excess of 162 000 kids detailed harassing due to their financial status. The imbalance among teenagers from low financial foundations puts them at a more serious hazard for tormenting. Teenagers that are from schools and living in nations where there is a greater hole between financial gatherings are at higher danger of being tormented. Destitution likewise hugy affects childrens physical turn of events. One out of ten Canadians is influenced by food uncertainty which has a connection to unexpected weakness (Kirkpatrick, 2008). Without legitimate eating regimen, kids will come up short on the supplements they have to grow ideally, and may even get over or under weight. Studies show youngsters with a decent eating regimen are wiped out less frequently than kids with poor sustenance (Kirkpatrick, 2008). Families will be unable to manage the cost of clinical costs or medicines that would keep their kid from disease or decrease the impacts of a sickness or injury, causing hindrance. Additionally, guardians in low-pay homes may think that its progressively hard to manage the cost of essential fixes in the family unit that would guarantee their childs wellbeing. Pregnant moms living in destitution additionally represent a hazard, on the off chance that they can't bear the cost of satisfactory pre-birth care. Destitution affects emotional well-being, too. Youngsters from low financial foundations were more than twice as prone to experience the ill effects of tension and discouragement as their partners from better financial statuses (Mark Lemstra, 2008). Kids from low-salary families, not just have the ordinary pressure a kid would have, many ruined kids know about their families hardships and have created nervousness about bills and obligations and food security, and sentiments of sadness about their circumstances and need positive sentiments of self-esteem. Other than influencing physical and emotional well-being, social advancement is likewise a result of destitution. Destitution affects the advancement of social abilities in youngsters. Youngsters living in destitution frequently have more unfortunate language abilities and less created adapting aptitudes, which thus impacts the nature of their associations with peers (Lisa Fiorentino, 2004). Youngsters living in destitution additionally have less open door for social association because of the reality they can't bear to be a piece of extra-curricular gatherings that help create social abilities and support peer connections. Without the cash to bear the cost of a similar social open doors kids in low-salary homes can't create social abilities as effectively, so destitution is a positive effect on social turn of events. Psychological impedance has likewise been refered to as a result of destitution. As per inquire about, youngsters who are malnourished will endure psychological lacks and kids living in neediness are bound to be malnourished than the individuals who are white collar class or prosperous. Likewise, kids who are poor are less prepared to investigate their condition meaning they are not accepting the equivalent mental incitement or their condition is less animating (Brown, 1996). Guardians are likewise less ready to bear to place their kids in exercises or buy things like books and PCs that would help animated psychological turn of events. In this way, there are different reasons why neediness has an impact on subjective improvement including ailing health, and absence of chance for mental incitement. Another deplorable result of destitution is misuse and disregard. As indicated by look into from the NSPCC: ladies from poor youth homes were twice as liable to have endured misuse or disregard (77 percent versus 38 percent), and the affiliation was significantly all the more hitting with various types of misuse, with a three-overlap increment: 45 percent of those from poor youth homes had encountered more than one type of misuse contrasted and 15 percent who had encountered no destitution. (NSPCC, 2008) Neediness can put a great deal of anxiety on families making guardians progressively defenseless to turning out to be culprits and youngsters increasingly helpless and liable to be misled. Absence of assets additionally makes it progressively hard to give kids their fundamental needs, which doesn't generally comprise a claim of disregard, be that as it may, if the parent is utilizing youngster government assistance assessment and kid support for individual use and not to accommodate the kid it is disregard. Destitution can likewise affect ones individual qualities and convictions. Childrens qualities and convictions are influenced by their financial status. From individual experience, being exceptionally poor growing up, I had a specific worldview. I accepted that rich individuals were the adversary and that they didn't esteem me since I was poor. I additionally didn't esteem instruction especially in light of the fact that I didn't trust I would have the chance to set off for college or college, on the grounds that my folks couldn't stand to assist me with paying for it. I learned not to esteem cash and do with less. Family was essential to me, since I invested such a great amount of energy at home, because of the reality I was unable to bear to be in any exercises or on sports groups. It is clear a youngster from a poor home contrasted with a family from a rich home would have an altogether different point of view. Mesosystem Causes Absence of assets is an accelerating reason for destitution. There is an absence of reasonable lodging and absence of administrations accessible to battle

Report On Online Shopping System Information

Report On Online Shopping System Information The web based shopping framework is quick picking up media for to deal or buy things from anyplace and whenever. It is fundamentally founded on Internet, It is connected with B2C (Business to Customer) model and status of the plan and improvement of online business stage. It can not just spare the working expenses of ventures just as spare the hour of client to go out on the town to shop at shopping center and it is expanding the effectiveness of business. This record show the status of Online Shopping System and advancement foundation and afterward presents or examines the framework plan, framework destinations, framework prerequisites and generally speaking all periods of improvement or execution of framework. This framework furnishes great offices to clients with GUI structures to enlistment, shopping basket the board, and data alter and so on for client. It has likewise given a few offices to Admin as include thing, update thing and so on. It has been planned with B/S three level structures, JSP innovation for dynamic page plan and for framework security and code reuse the JavaBeans has utilized. What's more, for better correspondence among framework and simple to access, just as to store huge information of the database has utilized MSSql Server 2000. In this fundamentally the two client one is Admin who can include thing, update thing power over the database or the administration of client data and keep security over the data of the client just as items. Second is client who get to the webpage for his necessity, he can enroll, search or see the items, subtleties of items and remark for item and can do make sure about exchanges over the web. Part 1: Introduction What I will do? In the proposed framework , as examine in the theoretical we will build up the new site Online Shopping System for PC items. In the site I followed the product improvement strategy called gradual methodology nad as indicated by it the framework is for the most part separated inot the two sorts of clients and three sorts of systems so as to make progressively sutaible for the end clients to satisfy their all requirments from one spot with snappy and in increasingly reasonable way. Here two sorts of clients are Admin and End client implies client. Moreover, three sorts of techniques which considered here are NetUI implies make accessible access to the end clients for everything from the net which is created with assistance of JSP and HTML, second one is the database which used to store huge measure of information and effectively can retrieve,update and so on, and last one is the controls utilized for the equivalent. In this way here we followed the model based UI desing approach. The s ignificant things which we included with this site is the most recent item with most recent setup client can pick according to design of that item, outside gadgets, security for transcation, client can send their view or remark and some more. Foundation In the present world the quick advancement of Internet, the Internet has explicitly become the best and quick media for gathering data, correspondence just as went into the business implies selling, buying and so on. So internet business turned out to be progressively well known and more organizations construct an online store to show purchasers another shopping idea. Web based shopping framework as B2B, B2C, C2C internet business front-end business stage, the entire procedure of its business exercises assumes a significant jobs. In this webpage or framework, thought is the way to manufacture a B2C Online Shopping System. Internet shopping is a sort of intuitive highlights business data which gives clients two kinds of static and dynamic data assets. The static data are those that change oftentimes or later that assets, sucha as organization profile, the board rehearses and corporate frameworks and so forth. Dynamic data is liable to change data, for example, item cites, meeting game plans, and preparing data. Web based shopping framework has ground-breaking intuitive highlights to empowers organizations and clients to effectively move inoformation to finish online business exchanges. This new between organization exchanges to accomplish the paperless trade of reports and assets. Innovations Selection and Justification Following is portrayal of innovations which are utilized for the site work: 1.3.1 Hardware/Software Requirements Programming particulars Equipment particulars: Equipment Least Requirement Chip Intel 3.1GHz processor or onwards Arbitrary Access Memory (RAM) 512 MB RAM. Hard Disk Drive 20GB (min. free useable plate space). 1.3.2 Technology Description 1) JSP: As there are number of abbreviations with which the Internet is stuffed, another is JSP. Here the JSP is representing the Java Server Pages, however it㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢s usually known as the JSP. JSP is only the scripting language and particularly like the ASP, PHP dialects. Utilizing the JSP, substance in the site are produced powerfully which permitting the as opposed to just statically likewise with the HTML. There are many free facilitating accessible for the JSP sites in light of the explanation is that JSP is free and open source, basic, powerful. There are other web improvement advances likewise accessible now days, for example, PHP, ASP.net and so on. In any case, we experienced a few issues with such advancements which are introduced in following legitimization for the equivalent: JSP over PHP: Both (JSP PHP) is web innovations are solid. For the majority of the endeavor level applications JSP is better approach to do as a result of its security, steadiness, speed of execution and so forth and more are the upsides of JSP. We experienced the issue with the PHP is that it gets not progressively secure as look at JSP. When contrasted with the PHP, JSP is increasingly fast device for the improvement of sites, when we know it, we can structure any sort of pages which appears to us harder with the PHP in light of the fact that PHP is more diligently and furthermore less items arranged than JSP. Utilizing JSP, we can create web application speedy by keeping up the degree of execution, security for the equivalent. JSP over ASP.NET: ASP.NET is accompanied the Microsoft item in the VS system which is likewise one of the better method to plans and build up our sites, however the issue with such innovation is that it is accessible just monetarily implies not uninhibitedly as the JSP. As the we are getting same exhibitions from the JSP as from the ASP.net, at that point it㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢s enough to choose to go with the JSP. Aside from this, there some different focal points which of JSP over the ASP.NET we watched, for example, Unreservedly Avaliable and Platform free. Facilitating is Cheply accessible. Web Server for JSP is free. On the off chance that OS is Linux, no compelling reason to pay for the antivirus virtual products. Fast turn of events. 2) MSSql Server 2000: One of the incredible is MSSql. There are numerous other incredible databases, for example, Oracle, Mysql and so on are accessible. In any case, while choosing MSSql database, there are two things which were tended to when contrasted with Oracle just as MySql as: database which is best appropriate with the JSP and another is database which have quick speed to recover, update or correspondence with information. While with Oracle, MySqlserver there parcel of additional endeavors should be done before setting up the web application, the MSSql database is simple database with the high unwavering quality, quick execution, and simple to utilize. Venture Plan Hence as we utilized the steady strategy of the product improvement, this task is separated into the various stages like necessity examination stage, planning stage, advancement stage, arrangement stage, testing stage and so forth. Following graph shows the review of the proposed venture plan with their time lengths. Stages in Website Development In this area, a portion of the quality planes which are considered so as to keep up the nature of the proposed site. The significant quality measure which we considered for the site is the best possible approval for various things and reaction time of the proposed site on the grounds that based on this clients fascination is depends. Following is the short clarification of these terms: 1) HTML Validation Utilizing this approval we can check the record accuracy against the DOCTYPE which is announced. Based on this different sorts of reports created if there are any bugs with it. 2) Validating Links This is one significant issue with the sites. Connections of the site are checked against the all connections given in the site whether they are working as per the detail given. 3) Validating Accessibility This is the most significant action which must be remembered for each site quality arranging. It isn't sufficient just to make the site, since individuals from better places, with various stages getting to our site. The activity of web openness is the keeping up the assets list which will help so as to structuring the sites which will available. 4) Response Time For the sites like proposed one it㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢s important to check up with the reaction time of server on the grounds that with sites a few shopping exchanges should be finished. Section 2: Software Development Methodologies 2.1 Types of Methodologies The component of procedure is fundamentally made out of the at least one strategies related to the one of the models of programming advancement. The prototyping strategies, object situated methods which are the different courses so as to execute the models, for example, steady, cascade and winding models. During the single task such sorts of instruments are coordinated just as blended. In this manner the procedure = methods + models. Following are various types of systems which are set up based on blend of procedures just as models: 1) Waterfall Model (Life Cycle) 2) Prototyping Model (Life Cycle) 3) Iterative Enhancement Model 4) Incremental Model 5) The Spiral Model 6) Object Oriented Methodology In the following area, we will see the

10 Reasons to Visit Campus During an Orange and Blue Day!

10 Reasons to Visit Campus During an Orange and Blue Day! Calling all #FutureIllini!!! Youve got a lot of great ways you can check out our campus throughout the semester (see them all here). But Im here to talk all about one of those optionsOrange and Blue Days! Orange and Blue Days are large open houses held on select Mondays and Fridays this fall. Why should you visit on an Orange and Blue Day?? Well let me tell you! You have an opportunity to meet with two academic communities.  As part of our program in the morning, we have two breakout sessions hosted by our academic communities. You can hear from representatives and students from majors in which youre interested. Want to explore our majors? Check out our Program Explorer. Youll hear from Undergraduate Admissions to learn all about the Illinois Legacy and the application process. Youl also here from University Housing to answer all of your questions about living and eating on campus, and Financial Aid. Especially if this is the first time your family has gone through the financial aid process, this is a great session to answer questions about scholarships and aid. Youll get to see campus on a busy, really busy, day.  Youll see students going from class to class, studying, researching, rehearsing, and hanging out with friends all over campus. Its a great way to see if you can picture yourself at Illinois. Meet some current students.  Current students are living the Illinois experience  right now (plus, they are cooler than me). Whether its out on a tour, asking for directions, or listening to them on a student panel, they have great information and are so excited to help you learn more about Illinois. Go on a campus tour.   Go on an engineering tour.   Tour Krannert Center for the Performing Arts. Choose from a variety of other optional activities. When you check in for the day, youll get a full agenda with all of the optional activities offered throughout the day, and well be there to help you design the perfect schedule. From touring residence halls, visiting labs, dining on campus, and more, trust that this is a day full of opportunities as your explore Illinois! Ready?! Sign up here! Kaci Admissions Counselor I work extensively with our large campus visit programs to give our prospective students first-hand experience of life at Illinois. I grew up in and around Champaign-Urbana, but most recently I moved from northwest Ohio, where I finished my master’s degree in College Student Personnel.

Factors That Affects the Teenage Relationship - 3201 Words

Chapter I The Problem and Its Background Introduction Friendship ... Love ... Dating ... Premarital Sex ... Going Steady †¦ Marriage.. Family ... these are some of the issues that young people may face when they grow up. The Teenage Love Relationship deals with the relationship of love that exists between the teenage groups. In schools the teenagers usually make friends easily and therefore there remains the chance for a young boy/girl to get easily involved in a relationship. The teenagers usually do not consider the various aspects that are associated with the relationship of love and therefore tend to make mistakes regarding the choosing of a girlfriend/boyfriend. Teenage is that phase of life, when one tries to discover life and†¦show more content†¦3. between teens and other persons of the same or different gender and different age. The quality of these relationships can also vary, but there are two kinds of teenager relationships I’m going to talk about here; 1. Teen friendships and 2. Teen love relationships Teen Friendships This kind of teenager relationship will fit into all three categories above. It can exist between a teenager and other persons of same or different gender and age. A good friend no matter age or gender is one of the best things you can have on this earth. 14 A really good friend that is special to you and means much to you. A person that is always there for you. Many successful love relationships has started with friendship and this is probably the reason for it’s success. The better you know the other person, the better you’ll go along with him or her and in a long lasting love relationship as man and woman your appreciation of your partner as a friend will mean much more than anything else. If we look at it from the end, it seems much more difficult to build a friendship from a love or sexual relationship. In fact, I have not heard about it, maybe you have but the point is that a good friendship is always good to have both as a basis of a future love relationship and as a friendship by itself. A teenage friendship can exist between anyone no matter what gender, age, race, background or whatever. A 13 year old girl and a 50 year old man can have a great and even lifelongShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Teenage Pregnancy On Children1636 Words   |  7 PagesThis study examined the effect of teenage pregnancy on children by exploring the results of an ADHD survey, ASRS-v1.1. The study sampled 100 kindergarten students, 50 had teenage mothers and 50 had mothers who gave birth during adulthood. A quantitative research method was utilized along with the difference-oriented research strategy approach. 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Other workers might deal with families that are being affected by a health disorder such as mental illness. Mental illness affects people of all ages. It does not discriminate against age, race, economic status or sex; anyone can be affected. Mental disorders range from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder to Depression. People with a mental disorder are not the only onesRead MoreEssay on Sexually Active Teens1287 Words   |  6 Pagescan be taxing on the body, and spirit. However, adding in a third factor-lack of maturity in most adolescents-can create a disastrous combination. According to an article titled Teen Pregnancy: Overview, Consequences of Teen Pregnancy, found on Women’s Health Channel, the health risks associated with teenage pregnancy can be severe. â€Å"Teen pregnancy is an important issue. There are health risks for the baby and children born to teenage mothers are more likely to suffer health, social, and emotional

Getting Rid of Discrimination - 2211 Words

Running head: AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Affirmative Action Liberty University’s Distance Learning Abstract Affirmative action is a law that was passed in the early 1960’s and which has been exercised throughout the world for decades upon decades. This law has been recognized to â€Å"attempt to get rid of discrimination against minorities, and women in America† Affirmative action also known as A.A. began as a plan to equalize the educational, employment, and contracting opportunities for minorities, and women with opportunities given to their white, male counterparts.† (U.S. history.com) A.A. is also considered the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past†¦show more content†¦1. What is Affirmative Action? 2. How has Affirmative action provided better opportunities for minorities and women in both their education and employment? History on Higher Education What is Affirmative Action? 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There’s many types of Discrimination in the world we live in. Those who choose not to learn from history are going to repeat it. People in this world are commonly hateful towards other people who don’t look or have the same interests as them. There are many types of Discrimination in today’s

Impact of Economic Factors on Engagement with Pro-Environmental Measures Free Essays

THE ENVIRONMENT Introduction: On most occasions, conservationist, and authorities bureaus tell us on the benefits of conserving the environment. This is because the universe is witnessing a series of environmental devastations, which range from devastation of woods, pollution of rivers, lakes and air. People argue that it is of import to continue the environment because they play a large function in prolonging the lives of persons. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Economic Factors on Engagement with Pro-Environmental Measures or any similar topic only for you Order Now For illustrations, trees help in the formation of rainfall, which is an indispensable demand for agribusiness to last. Forests are natural home grounds of animate beings, and on this footing, destructing woods, will intend the devastation of wild animate beings. This in bend will interrupt the environmental eco-system ( Brooks, 2010 ) . Despite the importance of conserving the environment, most people still prosecute in its devastation. The grounds advanced for their engagement in destructing the environment are, poorness, population growing, and hunt of income. This paper identifies the grounds as to why people still prosecute in the devastation of the environment, despite the of import function that the environment plays in our society. Search for beginnings of income/ gross: Search for beginnings of gross and income is one of the major factors that lead to the devastation of the environment. Take for illustration oil geographic expedition and excavation is a factor that makes people to destruct the environment ( Tisdell, 2005 ) . Oil is an of import natural resource that all most all the economic systems of the universe demand. Oil is needed to drive the transit industry, which is indispensable for the growing of a country’s economic system ( Leydesdorff, 2007 ) . Oil plays a large function in using 1000000s of people all over the universe, and states such as Saudi-Arabia, Qatar, Libya, etc depend on oil production to prolong their economic systems. This is because oil is the major beginning of foreign gross for these states ( Tachibana, 2000 ) . It is of import to denote that oil geographic expedition and excavation play a great function in the devastation of the environment. Oil has the capableness of destructing the lives of animate beings, and human existences. Take for case the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill which was responsible for leaking about 60,000 barrels of oil into the ocean ( Harper and Fletcher, 2011 ) . This had an effecting of killing sea animate beings, which included mahimahis, sea polo-necks, giants, etc. This oil spill was chiefly caused because of oil geographic expedition by BP Oil Company. The ground of these geographic expeditions was to mine oil, for commercial intents. Petroleum companies are besides accused of dumping toxic oil wastes on nearby rivers and Waterss. This has a cause of fouling the environment, and destructing the lives of Marine animate beings populating in these H2O systems ( Imanaka, 1997 ) . Petroleum companies are commercial companies, whose chief purpose is to sale oil merchandises for intents of doing net incomes, and grosss. Income net incomes and gross is non merely restricted to oil geographic expedition, but besides to the devastation of woods, and killing of wild animate beings. For illustration, people cut down trees for intents of acquiring wood. Wood is used to do lumber, a resource that is used to fabricate chairs, and edifice of houses ( Colson, 2011 ) . These are for commercial intents. The violent death of wild animate beings is besides carried out for intents of doing gaining an income, and due to poverty. For illustration, poachers normally kill elephants and rhinos for their ivories, and horns. Elephant Ivories are ever sold in Asia, and are used as beauty merchandises, and for intents of doing medical specialty. The same happens to the horns that poachers get from rhinos. Population Growth: Population growing is besides another factor that deters the preservation of the environment ( Newing, 2010 ) . Because of population growing, world has been forced to look for other topographic points of abode ( Likar, 2011 ) . This will do them to unclutter and destruct woods, as a consequence taking to the devastation of trees, and break of the eco-system. As celebrated earlier, woods are home grounds of wild animate beings, and birds. Destroying woods will take to the decease of some of these animate beings, because they may non happen other home grounds. The devastation of woods is non the lone negative environmental harm that population growing causes. Due to the high figure of people, there is the overconsumption of natural resources such as H2O, oil, nutrient, and even land ( Imanaka, 1997 ) . This consequences to doing these resources scarce. Scarcity of these environmental resources might take to unhealthy competition amongst people, in order to entree the resources under consideration. Peoples besides emit waste merchandises, because of their ingestion activities. This includes H2O, and air pollutants, toxic waste stuff, extra foods, and green house gases. Waste substances such as untreated sewerage may take to the devastation of an individual’s wellness. Other waste merchandises, such as inordinate N have an impact of doing the blooming of algals, in H2O supplies. This will take to the depletion of O, taking to the decease of marine animate beings such as fish ( Calhoun, 2005 ) . To protect the environment by restricting the growing of the environment, states such as China have adopted the one kid policy. This is whereby all twosomes are forced to bear to give birth to merely one kid. India besides has such sort of a policy, and the chief purpose of presenting these types of policy is to cut down the population growing of persons(Environmental issues. 2010 ). There has besides been some unreal method of commanding population growing, and this includes the usage of household planning methods ( Chancellor, 2009 ) . As a method of commanding the population growing in their states, authorities normally promote the usage of household planning methods. Poverty: Poverty is besides another factor that makes people to destruct the environment. In most states of the universe, specifically in the development states, there is the devastation of croping lands, dirt and woods because of over graze. These methods are ever efficient in commanding the population of a province, and therefore protecting an environment. As the growing rate of poorness additions, people destroy the environment faster, and more rapidly. The people over use the environment, such as dirt, land and woods, because they do non hold other beginnings of income, except by utilizing the natural resources under their range ( Harper and Fletcher, 2011 ) . It is of import to denote that because of poorness, the hapless will utilize the natural resources under their range for intents of fulfilling their footing demands. This will include fetching and utilizing firewood to cook, overdriving land for agricultural production, and usage of wild workss and H2O for medical specialty ( Canava ri and Food, 2002 ) . Poor people lack good and better instruction which can assist them to procure good occupations and beginnings of income. On this footing, they lack the quality of life that can do them to utilize electricity for cookery intents, or for other sectors of their domestic life ( Michna, 2010 ) . Electricity can assist in restricting the firewood concern that these people engage in. This is because persons will non depend on firewood as their beginnings of energy. To undertake poorness, the assorted authoritiess need to ordain policies aimed making employment, and bettering the instruction system of a province. The authorities can promote the usage of their trade accomplishments in assisting the hapless to gain income ( Hambler, 2004 ) . But this should happen in a mode that is suited for the saving of the environment. To cover with poorness, policies from the authorities are non sufficient. The authorities needs to spouse with private establishments and non-governmental organisations for intents of promoting them to educate people on the assorted ways of undertaking poorness ( Takeuchi, 2006 ) . This will be effectual because non-governmental organisations usually have an entree to the people, because of their grass root connexions. The hapless can be educated on the importance of continuing the environment ( Graetz, 2011 ) . This will do the hapless to hold knowledge on the benefits of the environment, doing them to utilize the natural resources under their range in a sustainable method. Decision: In decision, poorness, hunt for income, and population growing are some of the factors that encourage people non to prosecute in pro-environmental steps. As discussed in this paper, due to poverty, people will seek to unsuitably utilize the environment for intents of prolonging themselves. This includes film editing of woods for intents of acquiring lumber, over-using the land resource under their ownership, for agricultural intents, and over-grazing. However, with the usage of appropriate authorities policy, it is possible to cut down the degrees of poorness within a province. Search for income is another ground for depletion of the environment, and this usually takes the signifier of geographic expeditions and excavation. This is a really hard issue to work out, because authoritiess are ever in a quandary. That is, whether to halt the geographic expeditions or whether to go on with the geographic expeditions. Stoping the geographic expedition will intend losing a beginning of gross, while go oning with the geographic expedition will intend destructing the environment. Population growing on the other manus is easy to work out. All that a province demands to make is to make a policy restricting the figure of kids an person can give birth to. Mentions: Brooks, J. S. ( 2010 ) . Economic And Social Dimensions Of Environmental Behavior: Reconciliation Conservation And Development In Bhutan.Conservation Biology,24( 6 ) , 1499-1509. Calhoun, Y. ( 2005 ) .Conservation. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. Canavari, M. , A ; Food, A. ( 2002 ) .Economic surveies on nutrient, agribusiness and the environment: Joint Conference on Food, Agriculture, and the Environment, Bologna, Italy, June 12- 14, 2001. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. Chancellor, D. ( 2009 ) .Food waste. London: Wayland. Colson, M. ( 2011 ) .The environment. Chicago, Ill. : Raintree. Environmental issues. ( 2010 ) . New Delhi: IFA Publications. Graetz, M. J. ( 2011 ) .The terminal of energy the unmaking of America ‘s environment, security, and independency. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press. Hambler, C. ( 2004 ) .Conservation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Harper, C. L. , A ; Fletcher, T. H. ( 2011 ) .Environment and society: human positions on environmental issues( Canadian ed. ) . Toronto: Pearson Canada. Imanaka, T. ( 1997 ) . Global environment. How protect and surrogate? Interaction between environment and being. Both environment and organisms support on changing.. Kagaku to Seibutsu,35( 3 ) , 178-181. Leydesdorff, L. ( 2007 ) . Environment and Planing B: Planning and Design as a diary: the interdisciplinarity of its environment and the commendation impact.Environment and Planning Bacillus: Planning and Design,34( 5 ) , 826-838. Likar, L. E. ( 2011 ) .Eco-warriors, nihilistic terrorists, and the environment. Santa Barbara, Caliph: Praeger. Michna, J. ( 2010 ) .Risk direction on energy and enviromental preservation in CCE states. New York: Heinmman. Newing, H. ( 2010 ) . Interdisciplinary preparation in environmental preservation: definitions, advancement and future waies.Environmental Conservation,37( 04 ) , 410-418. Tachibana, H. ( 2000 ) . Engineering chance for environment in 2000. Prospect of sound environment. Technological reappraisal of sound environment..Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering,29( 2 ) , 149-156. Takeuchi, K. ( 2006 ) . Hydrology uniting planetary environment and human environment. Proceedings of the Symposium on Global Environment,14, 307-307. Tisdell, C. A. ( 2005 ) .Economicss of environmental preservation( 2nd ed. ) . Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Pub.. How to cite Impact of Economic Factors on Engagement with Pro-Environmental Measures, Essay examples

The Civil War Essays - Union, Medal Of Honor,

The Civil War For minorities, as for other Americans, the Civil War was an opportunity to prove their valor and loyalty. Among the first mustered into the Union Army were a De Kalb regiment of German American clerks, the Garibakdi Guards made up of Italian Americans, a "Polish Legion," and hundreds of Irish American youths form Boston and New York. But in Ohio and Washington, D.C., African American volunteers were turned away from recruiting stations and told, "This is a white man's war." Some citizens questioned the loyalty of immigrants who lived in crowded city tenements until an Italian American from Brooklyn turned that around. In the New York Senate, Democrat Francis Spinola had been a vigorous foe of Republican policies and Lincoln. But now he swore his loyalty with stirring words, "This is my flag, which I will follow and defend." This speech gave great assurance that the masses in the great cities were devoted to the Union and ready to enlist for its defense. More than 400,000 European immigrants fought for the Union, including more than 170,00 Germans and more than 150,00 Irish. Many saw their services as a proud sacrifice. The first officer to die for the Union was Captain Constatin Blandowski, one of many immigrants who earlier had fought for freedom in Europe and then joined Lincoln's army. Born in Upper Silesia and trained at Dresden, Germany, he was a veteran of democratic struggles - a Polish revolt at Krakow, the Polish Legion's battles against Austria, and the Hungarian fight for independence. Some nationalities contributed more than their share of Union soldiers. Some immigrants earned the Congressional Medal of Honor. Italian American officer Louis di Cesnola, was the Colonel of the 4th Cavalry Regiment. At Aldie, Virginia, in 1863, he earned the Medal of Honor and was appointed a general. He charged unarmed at the foe, read his citation, "rallied his men ...until desperately wounded and taken prisoner in action." In 1879 Cesnola became director of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art. The museum then became, wrote a critic, "a monument to his energy, enterprise, and rare executive skill." Italian American privates also won the Medal of Honor. Joseph Sova of the 8th Cavalry earned it for capturing the Confederate flag at Appomattox. Private Orlando Caruana of the 51st Infantry won it at Newburn, North Carolina. With bullets whizzing past him, he saved wounded men and rescued the U.S. flag. As 1865 came on, the feel of victory was in the Northern air. And so the Civil War was over. Yet even the ending of the war did not bring real peace. On Good Friday, April 14, 11 days after Union troops had entered Richmond, an actor named John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln as the President watched a play from his box in Ford's Theater, Washington, D.C. The one man who might have brought about a just peace was dead. The Civil War had solved some old problems for the United States. But it created some new problems as well. But many of the problems created by the Civil War have been solved. Towns have been rebuilt, new industries flourish, and new schools have been erected. Most of the damage of war has been long repaired. North and South both enjoy prosperity. But many of the human problems still remain. The Civil War Essays - Union, Medal Of Honor, The Civil War For minorities, as for other Americans, the Civil War was an opportunity to prove their valor and loyalty. Among the first mustered into the Union Army were a De Kalb regiment of German American clerks, the Garibakdi Guards made up of Italian Americans, a "Polish Legion," and hundreds of Irish American youths form Boston and New York. But in Ohio and Washington, D.C., African American volunteers were turned away from recruiting stations and told, "This is a white man's war." Some citizens questioned the loyalty of immigrants who lived in crowded city tenements until an Italian American from Brooklyn turned that around. In the New York Senate, Democrat Francis Spinola had been a vigorous foe of Republican policies and Lincoln. But now he swore his loyalty with stirring words, "This is my flag, which I will follow and defend." This speech gave great assurance that the masses in the great cities were devoted to the Union and ready to enlist for its defense. More than 400,000 European immigrants fought for the Union, including more than 170,00 Germans and more than 150,00 Irish. Many saw their services as a proud sacrifice. The first officer to die for the Union was Captain Constatin Blandowski, one of many immigrants who earlier had fought for freedom in Europe and then joined Lincoln's army. Born in Upper Silesia and trained at Dresden, Germany, he was a veteran of democratic struggles - a Polish revolt at Krakow, the Polish Legion's battles against Austria, and the Hungarian fight for independence. Some nationalities contributed more than their share of Union soldiers. Some immigrants earned the Congressional Medal of Honor. Italian American officer Louis di Cesnola, was the Colonel of the 4th Cavalry Regiment. At Aldie, Virginia, in 1863, he earned the Medal of Honor and was appointed a general. He charged unarmed at the foe, read his citation, "rallied his men ...until desperately wounded and taken prisoner in action." In 1879 Cesnola became director of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art. The museum then became, wrote a critic, "a monument to his energy, enterprise, and rare executive skill." Italian American privates also won the Medal of Honor. Joseph Sova of the 8th Cavalry earned it for capturing the Confederate flag at Appomattox. Private Orlando Caruana of the 51st Infantry won it at Newburn, North Carolina. With bullets whizzing past him, he saved wounded men and rescued the U.S. flag. As 1865 came on, the feel of victory was in the Northern air. And so the Civil War was over. Yet even the ending of the war did not bring real peace. On Good Friday, April 14, 11 days after Union troops had entered Richmond, an actor named John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln as the President watched a play from his box in Ford's Theater, Washington, D.C. The one man who might have brought about a just peace was dead. The Civil War had solved some old problems for the United States. But it created some new problems as well. But many of the problems created by the Civil War have been solved. Towns have been rebuilt, new industries flourish, and new schools have been erected. Most of the damage of war has been long repaired. North and South both enjoy prosperity. But many of the human problems still remain.

Devi, the Great Goddess

Devi, the Great Goddess Devi is an Indian Great Goddess. The name Devi literally means a ‘goddess’. This gives an explanation that she is a feminine deity. She is the tender and accessible mother and is usually approached as ‘Ma’. Basically, she is the Mother of the universe mostly known as Jaganmata. She presumes celestial proportions having ability to destroy evil and power over the creation and disbanding of the worlds.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Devi, the Great Goddess- Nonwestern Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Myriads of names that demonstrate local mores and myths worship her. It is interesting to note that she is a single being although perceived to be numerous at the same time. This means that though she is one goddess, she can manifest herself in various ways. In addition, worshippers celebrate her through songs and poems in their praise and worship. Devi takes different forms through which she manifests herself. Perhaps, this explains why she is a multiple being though one deity. She takes many forms because of different functions that are accredited to her. These different manifestations exhibit her strength and beauty. Besides, Devi is perceived in different ways due to chronological approach and religious functions she performs. Some of her manifestations are indeed tremendous. For instance, she is first manifested as cosmic force whereby she destroys demonic powers that cause menace to world stability. She also creates, exterminates, and restructures the universe. The second form is dayini. Since she is gentle, this form is radiant and gentle in nature. Many worshippers delight in this form because she is the cordial giver of boons, riches, luck, and achievement. The third manifestation is that she is seen as a heroine. Women are fond of this form because she usually descends on earth to provide stimulating models for them. The beauty of women in dressing is attri buted to this manifestation. She is also manifested as a local defender of vicinities, townships, and individual ethnic natives. As a defender, she is concerned with local matters only. In her fifth manifestation, Devi is seen as semi-divine force. She reveals herself through fertility spirits. In this manifestation, the worshippers looked at her for the purpose of fertility in their lives. Finally, she is also seen in the form of woman saints. These saints are born on earth but gifted with profound spirituality and different worldly powers. It is imperative to note that these forms are represented in visual arts through paintings of vivid color. The visuals have appealing and attractive paintings which are able of expressing her beauty and strength through striking colors.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The visual representation that interests me most is the one w hich displays Virahi seated on a tiger. This is because it represents how Devi as a cosmic force is ready to step out to destroy any demonic force that can bring instability in the universe. In the poem, she is seen seated on a lion depicting the strength of destruction. The colors are striking and attractive according to her mission to reconstruct the universe. The rich glowing colors have an impact to the message conveyed by the goddess. The message is clear after giving a close look at this visual representation. This is what draws me closer in this particular work. The formal elements have contributed a lot towards the construction of this art work. As a matter of fact, I have obtained necessary information towards understanding the nonwestern culture. It is quite an experience to know that a single deity can be manifested or represented in different forms in order to describe her functions in relationship to her worshippers. The visual arts have served their purpose by describi ng how Devi is a single being yet multiple at the same time.

Book Outline How to Outline a Novel with 11 Steps for Success [Video]

Book Outline How to Outline a Novel with 11 Steps for Success [Video] Book Outline: How to Outline a Novel with 11 Steps for Success Outlining. That word may conjure images of 7th Grade English, scribbling at your desk in frustration while a stern teacher looks over your shoulder as you try to learn how to outline.A book outline can be almost as intimidating as that teachers blatant glare.Many of us learned how to outline in middle school, and it’s a skill we haven’t revisited since our braces came off and the acne faded away. But have no fear! You’re a grown-up now, and this project isn’t being graded, which means learning how to outline a book can (and will!) be pain-free, especially with the right help.Here are the different book outlining methods well cover in this post:Use a mind map book outlineSimple book outlineChapter-by-chapter outlineSketched book outlineOutline with ScrivenerBasic outlinePost-it note outline methodThe snowflake methodThe skeletal outlineNovel outline templateThe reverse outlineYou have free reign to structure your story outline to benefit your writing proces s- whether that’s a spaghetti-on-the-wall approach or a color-coded Excel spreadsheet.Us at Self-Publishing School? We love this tried-and-true Mindmap to Outline procedure. Book Outlining The Whole Process All in OneWe understand you.Your life is busy and sometimes you want all the (book-related) goods in one place. We heard you and we listened!Chandler Bolt created this all-in-one exclusive training for serious soon-to-be-authors. If you want to learn how to outline and everything else about the book writing process,make sure to sign upto save your spot!Because if you want to learn how to outline, you may as well get as much information as you can right away. Trust us, itll make your writing process that much easier.What if you could outline your book in just 24 hours?Join hundreds of other like-minded writers in a challenge that will give you all the tools, information and motivation you need to finish your outline!Click the button below to learn more about how Well basi cally hold your hand while you outline your book! (if we can do it, you can too!).Join the 24 Hour Book Outline ChallengeWhat is a Book Outline?A book outline is a roadmap or blueprint for your story. It tells you where you need to go and when in chronilogical order.Its easy to see this term and wonder exactly what that means. Is it a bullet list of topics for your book? Is it a chapter by chapter overview written in paragraphs?No matter how you write an outline, the purpose is the same.Think of it as a GPS of sorts but instead of giving you driving directions, your outline will give youwriting directions.Why Should IWrite a Book Outline?No matter which type of book outline you choose, planning before you write has many benefits. Its not just about getting your thoughts on the paper, either. Its about so much more than the actual writing. Outlines can do a number of things for you:help you define your goalsfinish your manuscript quickerstay focusedavoid plot holescreate a cohesive p lansee your story from start to finishhelp you stay motivatedensure you can focus on thequality of your writing instead of what to writeYou don’t need to spend huge amounts of time learning how to outline a book, but some (mostly painless!) prep before writing will be time well-spent since you won’t be spinning your wheels by staring at the blank screen of death.When you start with a plan, you’ll unconsciously make connections and think about your draft, even when you’re not actively writing. Mentally writing in the shower is one of the perks of outlining, because it will get your thoughts percolating. Be sure to keep paper and pens scattered about so you can capture your brilliance the minute it bubbles up, rather than letting all those ideas fade away.Once you have a plan to write your book in outline form, you’ll be better able to put these thoughts to paper and compose your chapters when you do sit down to write. This means a finished book in l ess time!And I have some good news: there’s no â€Å"right† way to outline. Each writer will have their own process that’s personal to them. Keep reading for tips on how to outline different ways. If one of these exact methods doesn’t strike a chord with you, you can combine methods to create your own way that works best for your unique book.Are you writing a fiction or non-fiction book? Depending on which youre working on, the outlining process may look be different.Thankfully, there are plenty of relevant tips you can apply in the section about outlining a non-fiction book. Likewise, even if you’re writing non-fiction, the section on how to write a fiction outline can help spark some ideas for your process, so we recommend authors of all types of books read the full list.NOTE: We go in-depth with everything covered in this blog post along with the writing, marketing, and self-publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program.Click here to lea rn moreHow to Write a Nonfiction Book OutlineMost non-fiction authors find outlines useful due to the nature of their books. Generally, works of non-fiction require research and citation of sources (although many novels require their own research!).An outline can help organize your research so it doesn’t overwhelm you, plus your outline will help you create the best structure for your finished book. These are some of the beneficial methods we recommend for you.#1 Mindmap + Book OutlineThis is the main method of outlining that we teach in Self-Publishing School. The mindmap method requires you to create a brain dump based on your book’s topic. Write your topic in the center of a piece of paper, then use lines and words to draw as many connections as you can. It doesn’t need to make perfect sense from the get-go- the goal is free-form thinking to get all of your ideas out of your head and onto the page.You’ll start to notice connections between different c ategories of information. This makes it easier to spot the relevant â€Å"book-worthy† ideas. Then you can pluck those ideas out of your mindmap and put them into a cohesive book outline. We also recommend doing a mindmap for each chapter you select from your original mindmap. It will help you structure your entire book chapter by chapter. Fun, and so easy- we told you this would be (mostly) painless!At Self-Publishing School, we encourage students to make a mess with their mindmap.Regardless of what your mind map looks like in the end, it is an essential element to your book writing process.This mind map will be the jumping off point for you to begin your outline. In this brief video, Chandler explains how to turn your mindmap into an outline: #2 Simple Book OutlineA simple book outline is just as it sounds; keep it basic and brief. Start with the title. Don’t get too hung up on the perfect title at this stage of the process; you just want to come up with a good-for- now placeholder.You can always change the title later- in fact, you probably will- but starting with some kind of title gives you a better idea of where you want your book to go.Plus, outlining your book this way jump-starts the creative process.Next, you’ll list all of the key points that cover your book’s overall theme and message. You’ll use these key points to generate your notes. Later, you’ll flesh out these notes to draft your book chapters.#3 Chapter-by-Chapter Book OutlineYour chapter-by-chapterbook outline is a pumped-up version of the simple book outline.To get started, first create a complete chapter list. With each chapter listed as a heading, you’ll later add material or shift chapters around as the draft evolves.Create a working title for each chapter, and list them in a logical order. After that, you’ll fill in the key points of each chapter.Finally, you’ll link your resources as they would appear in each chapter, inc luding books, interviews, and Web links.Heres a great example of a chapter-by-chapter nonfiction book outline completed with bullet lists:#4 Sketch Your Book OutlinePerhaps you find the idea of a written outline confining. That’s OK - there’s another option which might appeal to your artistic side.Dan Roam, author of The Back of the Napkin: Solving Problems and Selling Ideas with Pictures, wrote about how sketching your ideas can simplify complex thoughts.To create this type of book outline, hand-draw your book concept in sequential order.This may be as simple or as elaborate as you desire. Feel free to use a Bic pen and a spiral notebook, or take it to the next level with a color medium on canvas-sized paper.The great thing about drawing your book is that you can later use the images as promotional and marketing material!#5 Book Outline With ScrivenerIf you like being uber-organized, then the writing software Scrivener might appeal to you. Their book outline progra m allows you to upload your research, organize it by moving it around, and filing it into folders.Like many writing software programs, it does have a fairly extensive learning curve, which can be a major downside- especially if you tend to procrastinate and really want to get your book published quickly.However, some writers say it revolutionized their organizational process for longer works.You can learn more about the program and its uses hereor check out this tutorial for an overview. How to Outline a Novel in 6 WaysWhile you can incorporate the book outlining tips we shared in the non-fiction section above, creating an outline for your novel will be inherently different from creating a non-fiction outline.Your novel outline will require a few different elements like: character developmentcharacter arcsthe evolution of plot pointsthe first slapthe second slapthe breaking pointthe climaxresolution of conflictWhile the methods may be different, the goal is the same- organization an d pre-planning so that you can write a great, cohesive book much faster.#1 Basic DocumentYour goal with the Basic Document format is to use a Word or Excel table to give structure to your theme. Create a table and organize and summarize your key points and plot.You’ll then create a separate section for characters and themes, and an additional section with relevant research.#2 Post-It WallThis is for the creative mind, and another method we teach in Self-Publishing School. All you need is a blank wall and a box of Post-It notes. Carry a pad of Post-Its with you wherever you go, and doodle your book on the fly.Write your ideas and inspiration on your Post-Its when the mood strikes you.Next, affix the Post-Its containing words, snippets, doodles, and phrases to the wall. After a week of this exercise, organize these words into novel outline form. Voila- simple, effective, creative!#3 The Snowflake MethodThe Snowflake Method was created by fiction writing coach Randy Ingermans on based on the notion,â€Å"Good fiction doesn’t just happen. It’s designed.†The process of the snowflake method focuses on starting small, then expanding. For example, you’d start with one line from your book, then add a paragraph, then add a chapter.Since the snowflake method is fairly detailed and based on scientific theory, Randy’s article is worth a read so you can review the detailed steps involved in this outlining method.#4 The Skeletal OutlineIf you’ve ever written a term paper or thesis, then you’re probably familiar with the skeletal outline. You’ll lay out your narrative points in the order they’ll appear in your story, which involves a broad 7-step story arch.This gives you a big picture idea of the flow of your story, so you can adjust your story and add subplots for maximum impact.#5 Novel Outline TemplateWhy reinvent the wheel? If you’re impatient to jump right into the fun part- writing!- or yo u aren’t sure exactly how to format your novel outline, then a pre-formatted template outline might be your saving grace.A fill-in-the-blank novel outline can help you develop your plot, characters, and ideas without getting bogged down with the notion of striving for â€Å"proper† outline form.#6 The Reverse OutlineSometimes looking at the problem from a different angle can give you the answer to the question. The same applies to outlining.Reverse outlining is exactly what it sounds like: Write down how your novel ends. Then once you know the ending, outline backwardto get to that happy (Or sad? You’re the author!) ending.This method often helps if you want to plant seeds and have a lot of shocking foreshadowing moments.Authors like George R.R. Martin have to use these methods in order to make sure the plot lines up.For more ideas and creatives ways to jump-start your novel outline, check out How to Write a Novel Outline.Here’s the takeaway: No matter w hich option you choose, ultimately, you’ll write faster and better with a book outline. If one way doesnt work well for you, then experiment and try another. Remember, your goal is a finished manuscript, not the gold medal for â€Å"Most Perfect Book Outline.†Discover what works best for you and you’ll be one step closer to a finished book.Ready to become a published author?Make sure to take advantage of this free training. It will take you through everything you need to go from blank page to published author in as little as 90 days! Youll have your outline started before your training is even finished.

Sula in her Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sula in her Society - Essay Example When describing Sula’s hometown, the author offers the environment as one in which the local community is facing unemployment and the pain from not having work for an extended period of years. Morrison describes the community who watches Sula as being secretively pain-riddled where humor is utilized in an attempt to not have to focus on their poverty. Morrison describes a â€Å"shucking, knee-slapping, wet-eyed laughter that could even describe and explain how they came to be where they were†¦a nigger joke† (Morrison, 4). This describes a community which is well-aware of their social status, however they feel virtually powerless to break free from this lifestyle and utilize humor to gain a sense of control and to cope. Sula is powerfully-different from this lifestyle belief and manages, over her lifetime, to develop quality friendships and find the positive self-identity she is searching for. In Sula’s household, the women use door-slamming and other extreme behaviors such as throwing objects as a means to gain a perception of control over a very chaotic household environment and poverty living standards. Toni Morrison illustrates these wild behaviors in Sula’s household to describe how her upbringing taught Sula that relief from stress and unhappiness in the form of these extreme behaviors were positive methods to gain power over the boundaries caused by their gender, racial and financial statuses. Toni Morrison likely described the environment where Sula was raised as a means to highlight the sociological problems of African-American women during the novel’s time-period. Her hometown maintains many more-affluent white citizens which also impacts the view of the self which less-privileged people experienced from 1920-1960. Morrison is clearly using Sula, and her somewhat unorthodox belief in living life to its fullest, as a representation that an individual does not

The effect of dividends on stock price Coursework

The effect of dividends on stock price - Coursework Example You must also have -a run of consistent good luck. Sudden wealth and big windfall gains depend more on luck, less on skill and knowledge. J. Paul Getty1 was -one such outstanding example. He became the world's richest man and accumulated a vast fortune of over U.S. $ 2 billion but it took him over fifty years of consistent and steady investing to do so. It would be useful for you to ponder over what he says: "Get-rich-quick schemes just don't work. If they did, then everyone on the face of the Earth would be a millionaire. This holds true for stock market dealings as it does for any other form of business activity. Don't misunderstand me. It is possible to make money and a great deal of money-in. the stock market. But it can't be done overnight or by haphazard buying and selling. The big profits go to the intelligent, careful and patient investor, not to the reckless and overeager speculator." (Navjot 57) In the investment market, the heart of the investment process consists of selection, timing, and price. It is all a question of selecting the right company, buying shares in it at the right time and price, and subsequently selling them at the right time and price. ... That will depend on the following four factors: (i) The amount of money you initially invest; (ii) The period over which the money is invested; (iii) The rate at which the invested capital appreciates in value; and (iv) The income you receive from your invested capital during this period. Therefore, to achieve investment success you should keep these four factors in mind while taking decisions on selection, timing and price. But this is not all. Successful investing goes for beyond selection, timing and price. It involves the setting of personal investment objectives, formulating an investment plan and adopting a suitable investment strategy. The overall objective of every investor is to make money. To go further, it is to make of every investor is to make money. To go further, it is to make money at a rate that beats the rate of inflating. In other words, the board objective of all investment is to increase, or at least preserve, the purchasing power of invested capital. For a successful investor it is necessary to have a well-defined plan, backed by a carefully conceived investment strategy. This will help you to keep your impulses under control and reduce the subjective element in your investment decisions. A good investment plan is by itself not enough to guarantee investment success. Sometimes, even the best investment plans have flaws, and go awry when implemented in practice. But the fact that you have a plan will stack the odds in your favor and give you a fair chance to win. A well-conceived plan will improve your average results and raise your general level of performance. INVESTMENT PRINCIPLES The art of successful investment rests on the foundation of certain basic principles, which generally hold good for all times and places. Moreover, these

Essays --

There have been many school violence acts including many tragic school shootings. Columbine High School, Virginia Tech, and Sandy Hooks Elementary were some of the most deadly school shootings in U.S. history. There have been many violence prevention programs that have been established and used to prevent such acts. The most used prevention program is called the Zero Tolerance Program. Other programs have been used, but have they been successful programs? School issues and bullying are some issues with school violence, but some of these issues may come from the home. Some of the school shootings and other violent acts are not from a student of the school sometimes it is from someone from the outside. The Sandy Hooks School shooting the shooter was not a student. The school system is sometimes more worried about the students succeeding in life and not realizing that there is a problem with the student and that he/she may need some mental attention. The media is always right th ere when tragedy strikes. Are people trying to get the attention of the media when they a creating a horrific act? Many schools have implemented intervention and prevention programs, but are they working? Schools are trying to prevent school violence because of the horrific school shooting that has happened in the past. Some of the deadliest have occurred in the last 15 years. Columbine being the most remembered high school shooting, Virginia Tech University was the deadliest college shooting, and Sandy Hooks being the most recent and tragic elementary school shooting. In these cases some were caused from bulling, other students being mentally unhealthy. Schools are trying to recognize the signs of bulling and trying to take action against b... ...he best way to discipline the students. It also takes away from the students academically. Many problems that the school system sees start at home with the parents and the environment that the child is living in. Suspending students from school sometimes is not the best thing for them. They sometimes need counseling instead. When the school sees an issue with a student it should be addressed right then, instead of waiting to see if anything else comes from it. But not only should schools keep an eye on the students but outsiders also. The best way to do this is through good security measures. Mass Media can cause people to want to follow in others footsteps and this can be an issue for future problems. Is there ever going to be an end to school violence? Probably not but we can do what we can to decrease the occurrences.

The Effect of Visual and Verbal Information on Attitudes

The Effects of Visual and Verbal Information on Attitudes and Purchase Intentions in Internet Shopping Minjeong Kim, Ph. D. Oregon State University Sharron Lennon, Ph. D. University of Delaware ABSTRACT The present study investigated how different product presentation formats (visual vs. verbal) influence consumer attitudes toward product and purchase intentions in Internet shopping.The overall results from two Web experiments simulating Internet apparel shopping showed that both visual and verbal information had significant effects on affective and cognitive attitudes toward apparel products, but only verbal information had a significant effect on purchase intention. Though the superiority of visual information was predicted based on prior literature, the results of the study supported verbal superiority. This finding provides an important implication for Internet retailers who tend to pay more attention to visual product presentation.Although visual product presentation is also fou nd to be important, detailed product descriptions are critical to positively influence consumer shopping experience in Internet shopping.  © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The Internet is changing almost every aspect of our daily lives, from how we communicate, learn, and play, to how we shop, buy, and consume products and services (Dertrouzos, 1997). Evolving from a new communication Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 25(2): 146–178 (February 2008) Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience. wiley. com)  © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.DOI: 10. 1002/mar. 20204 medium into an innovative retailing medium, the Internet is changing the world of retailing (Klein, 1998). As the fastest growing retail channel, the growth of Internet retail sales nearly tripled that of total retail sales in 2004 (U. S. Census Bureau, 2004). Although Internet retail sales remained only 5% of total retail sales in 2005 (DMNews, 2006), its future growth is optimistic. According to Forrester Re search (2004), Internet retail sales will reach over $331 billion by 2010, accounting for 13% of total retail sales in 2010.With the rapid adoption of the Internet and the growing popularity of broadband among the general population, the future of Internet retailing is bright (â€Å"Digital Economy,† 2000). Despite the impressive growth rate and optimistic outlook, there is compelling evidence to suggest that many consumers are still reluctant to purchase via the Internet. Many Internet retailers continue to struggle with low conversion from browsers to purchasers and high shopping cart abandonment (Internet Retailer, 2005a).The proportion of actual purchasers to total browsers has remained low, ranging between 2. 8% and 3. 2% of Web site visitors (Shop. org. & Boston Consulting Group, 2000), compared to nearly 50% of mall visitors who purchase during their visit as reported by Stillerman Jones and Co. (Sansoni, 1999). In addition, shopping cart abandonment during the Interne t shopping process, especially just prior to checkout, has been prevalent among would-be Internet customers (Shop. org, 2001). Such phenomena imply that there are some factors that keep Internet shoppers from buying via the Internet.A primary deterrent of Internet buying is the inability to physically examine items prior to purchase (Internet Retailer, 2005b; Retail Forward, 2001). According to Forrester Research, more than half the consumers who visit an Internet store do not purchase because they cannot physically inspect an item before purchasing (Internet Retailer, 2005b). Consumers need to acquire adequate product information to make a purchase decision, often by physical examination of a product, but Internet shopping does not accommodate physical product evaluations like brick-and-mortar stores do (Nitse et al. 2004). This is more problematic for certain types of products that require sensory evaluation. Holbrook and Moore (1981) suggested that products with aesthetic, sensor y, or symbolic benefits (e. g. , apparel) must be experienced for adequate judgments to be made. Likewise, in Internet shopping the problem of lack of product examination is magnified for products like apparel that require sensory inspection to assure adequate fit or color co-ordinate items.Although apparel is one of the major merchandise categories sold via the Internet (Internet Retailer, 2003), many sales opportunities are lost because of the inability to touch and feel an item prior to a purchase (Beck, 2003; Pastore, 2000). The biggest reason for not purchasing via the Internet was the uncertainty of fit and size. Such problems caused by the lack of adequate product examination further result in high product return rates (e. g. , 30%) and lost customer loyalty. The estimated loss due THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION ON ATTITUDES Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 002/mar 147 to these problems was more than $2 billion dollars in the Internet apparel industry (Beck, 2003 ). Responding to the insufficiency of customer experience related to product examination, Internet retailers have begun to implement innovative technologies that improve the Internet shopping experience. To simulate the store shopping experience in which physical inspection of an item is possible, several technologies that enhance visual product presentation (i. e. , 3-D images, virtual models, digital images, and zooming technology) have been introduced (Retail Forward, 2001).For example, Lands’ End launched My Virtual Model (MVM) Visualization technology in 1998 to allow online shoppers to experience products in the virtual dressing room. However, even though big Internet retailers are making substantial financial commitments to adopt these new technologies to improve consumer experience of online product evaluation, their effects are largely unknown. It is a common belief that new technologies will improve the Internet shopping experience, but available evidence does not s upport this common belief.In their panel study with Internet shoppers, Retail Forward found that the Internet shoppers did not perceive 3-D images to be important to their shopping satisfaction, although they considered them a nice feature to have on the Web site. In addition, one recent study found that survey respondents perceived 3-D images and virtual models to be unimportant features in Internet apparel shopping, whereas large pictures and close-ups were perceived to be important features (Kim, Kim, & Lennon, 2006).Regarding virtual models, although Lands’ End reported the positive impact of MVM on conversation rates and average order value (Direct Marketing, 2001), Lane Bryant, the nation’s largest plus-size retailer, removed MVM technology after using it only for a few years because their customers no longer used it (Lane Bryant, 2005). Likewise, the effects of various product presentation technologies are largely unproven, despite the magnitude of financial com mitment required in adopting new technologies. Product nformation plays an important role in consumer purchase decisions (Kim & Lennon, 2000; Mitchell & Boustani, 1994). Particularly due to the inability to physically evaluate products in Internet shopping, product presentation offered by Internet retailers plays a critical role in satisfying consumer needs for adequate product information for purchase decisions (Fiore, Jin, & Kim, 2005; Nitse et al. , 2004; Then & Delong, 1999). Despite its importance in Internet shopping, very little has been learned about how different online product presentation formats influence consumer decision making in Internet shopping.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how different online product presentation formats influence consumer attitudes toward the product and purchase intention in Internet shopping. This study focused on the two most basic forms of product presentation; visual (picture) and verbal (text) as the first step in the line of research that would investigate various presentation techniques including 3-D images, virtual models, and zooming technology in the future. Research objectives for this study were 148 KIM AND LENNON Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 002/mar Stimuli Information Processing Consumer Responses Imagery Information Processing Affective Attitude Purchase Intention CONTEMPORARY TORN STRETCH DENIM JACKET INFUSED WITH STRETCH FOR A TOUGH LOOK, AND DECORATED IN RHINESTONE ZIG-ZAGS FOR A GIRLY EDGE. ZIP FRONT. HITTING AT THE HIP. 96% COTTON/14% ELASTIC. Discursive Information Processing Cognitive Attitude Figure 1. The conceptual model for the effect of visual and verbal information on attitudes and purchase intentions in Internet shopping. hreefold: (1) to examine the effects of visual and verbal information on consumers’ attitudes toward the product, (2) to examine the effects of visual and verbal information on consumers’ purchase intentions, and (3) to evaluate the rela tive importance of visual and verbal information in product presentation in Internet shopping. Although Internet retail sales remain a small fraction of total retail sales and are considerably less than once predicted, Internet retailing is becoming more important in the retail industry, and consumer demands for Internet shopping are increasing.The findings of this research will provide useful information that Internet retailers can use to develop more effective product presentations and thus satisfy consumer needs for adequate product evaluation in Internet shopping. LITERATURE REVIEW In this section, a conceptual model is developed to explain how visual and verbal information influence consumer attitudes toward a product and further influence Internet purchase intentions (see Figure 1).Visual versus Verbal Information1 Information presented in visual and/or verbal form is a fundamental element of the consumer information environment, especially in a nonpersonal marketing context s uch as advertising or non-store retailing. 1 Visual information is limited to pictorial representation of a product and verbal information is limited to textual information about a product in this study. THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION ON ATTITUDES Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar 149 Information is available in visual form, verbal form, or more frequently as a combination of both forms.In Internet shopping, product information is most often presented as a combination of both visual and verbal forms. There have been two distinct approaches to studying the effects of visual versus verbal information in consumer and advertising research. One approach focused on the effects of visual and verbal information on memory (Guenther, Klatzby, & Putnam, 1980; Lutz & Lutz, 1977; Shepard, 1967; Starch, 1966), and the other approach focused on the effects of visual and verbal information on consumer judgments or attitudes (Childers & Houston, 1984; Edell & Staelin, 1983; Hirs chman, 1986; Holbrook & Moore, 1981; Kisielius & Roedder, 1983).The first research stream has generally supported the idea that visual information is superior to verbal information in recall and recognition. Using print advertisements as stimuli, Starch (1966) found that people remembered a print advertisement with a picture better than one without a picture. Shepard (1967) also found that a photo from advertisements was more easily recognized and remembered over time. Subsequent research (Hirschman & Solomon, 1984; Guenther et al. , 1980) provided additional support for the superiority of visual information.Researchers further found that memory was enhanced when there was a certain amount of redundancy or correspondence between visual and verbal information (Childers & Houston, 1984; Son, Reese, & Davie, 1987). The second research stream focused on the influence of visual and verbal stimuli on attitudinal responses (Holbrook, 1985; Mitchell & Olson, 1981). Using print advertisement s, Mitchell and Olson found that the visually oriented advertisement was more effective in generating a positive attitude toward the brand and more effective in communicating attributes of the product advertised than the verbally oriented advertisement.They concluded that visual information led to more changes in beliefs about the product and thus created more positive attitudes and purchase intentions than verbal information. Imagery versus Discursive Information Processing Different forms of information lead to different information processing (e. g. , dual coding hypothesis by Paivio, 1971; left-right hemisphere specialization by Geschwind, 1979; sequential vs. simultaneous processing modes by Das, Kirby, & Jarman, 1975) (see Figure 1). Visual stimuli2 evoke imagery information processing, whereas verbal stimuli evoke discursive information processing.Previous research focused more on discursive processing through an examination of how words or numbers are pooled together in work ing memory to signify or resolve problems 2 Visual (verbal) information is also referred to as visual (verbal) stimuli. The terms â€Å"information† and â€Å"stimuli† are used interchangeably in this study. 150 KIM AND LENNON Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar (e. g. , Bettman, 1979), whereas increasing research attention has shifted to the role of imagery information processing (Childers & Houston, 1982, 1984; Childers, Houston, & Heckler, 1985; Rossiter & Percy, 1983; Smith, Houston, & Childers, 1984).Imagery information processing evoked by visual stimuli represents sensory or perceptual information in working memory. Imagery processing sometimes includes multi-sensory dimensions—including sight, taste, smell, and other sensations—or involves a single dimension such as sight, whereas discursive processing by verbal stimuli tends to be detached from inner sensory experience (MacInnis & Price, 1987). Therefore, discursive information processing be comes less concrete than imagery processing due to its lack of sensory experience of information in working memory (MacInnis & Price, 1987).Overall, prior research findings support the superiority of imagery information processing. In a consumer research context, researchers found superior effects for imagery information processing as opposed to discursive processing (Cautela & McCullough, 1978; MacInnis & Price, 1987). MacInnis and Price posited that both discursive and imagery processing can be activated to frame problems, and the way in which a problem is presented with visual or verbal information can have a remarkable impact on problem solving.In brand evaluation, discursive processing may lead to an implicit or explicit summary of brand attributes and features based on some combination rules, whereas imagery processing may lead to a holistic evaluation of the brand. They further speculated that imagery information processing leads consumers to expect a higher likelihood for de cision outcomes than discursive processing because imagery makes it easier to visualize decision outcomes and visualization makes an event look more real (MacInnis & Price, 1987). Prior research findings further supported the effects of imagery processing on purchase intentions and purchase timing.In clinical contexts, Cautela and McCullough (1978) found that imagery processing was more influential in affecting behavioral intentions than discursive processing. Staats and Lohr (1979) posited that imagery could affect behavior by eliciting an emotional response. Images that create positive emotions elicit approach responses, whereas images that create negative emotions elicit avoidance responses. MacInnis and Price (1987) posited that imagery processing may generate a stronger emotional or more concrete sensory experience than discursive processing, which in turn increases desire for the product.They further postulated that the emotions evoked by elaborated imagery processing may redu ce the delay between purchase consideration and actual purchase, thus affecting purchase timing. Moreover, imagery processing can enhance the consumption experience compared to discursive processing because the sensory experience evoked by imagery processing allows consumers to attain some of the enjoyment, satisfaction, or stimulation that would derive from actual consumption (Holbrook & Hirschman, 1982; Lindauer, 1983).THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION ON ATTITUDES Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar 151 Dual Coding Theory One consideration in the study of human cognition is the process of verbal coding. Verbal coding proponents assert that verbal coding is vital to perceptual processing and believe that visual information is identified by naming it (Bruner, 1957; Glazner & Clark, 1963). A second approach is imagery coding, and this approach argues that both visual and verbal information are stored most efficiently as nonverbal images.A third approach to cognition is dual coding theory, first proposed by Paivio (1971, 1986). This approach explains that visual information and imagery information processing evoked by visual stimuli are superior to verbal counterparts. The dual coding theory views cognition activities as a result of two mental subsystems, a verbal system (processing verbal events) and an imaginal system (processing nonverbal events). These two subsystems are thought to be separate but interconnected components of human cognition. Each subsystem is linked to particular sensory systems through epresentational connections, and an associative network exists within each subsystem. Each subsystem is also associated with referential connections among them. The verbal system facilitates sequential processing whereas the imaginal system facilitates parallel processing of information. According to Paivio (1971, 1986), encoding of information in memory is done as a verbal form or nonverbal/pictorial form. When a person encounters a visual stimulus like a picture, an imaginal code is activated, whereas the verbal code will be activated when the person encounters a verbal stimulus like text.These two independent and distinct codes form three discrete levels of processing for incoming stimuli. The most basic level of processing is called â€Å"representational processing,† and this processing involves the direct activation of either the verbal or imaginal systems, depending on whether incoming stimuli are visual or verbal. The next level of processing is called â€Å"referential processing† which involves building connections between the verbal and imaginal system. These connections between the two subsystems allow for evocation of imaginal responses from verbal stimuli or vice versa.The most complex processing is called â€Å"associative processing,† which occurs when verbal and visual stimuli are associated with other verbal and visual stimuli, respectively within each subsystem. When a stimulus i s received, it first goes through the representational processing, where either a verbal code or imaginal code is activated. Next, the stimulus passes through referential processing, where the visual cue is named or images are created for verbal cues. In the final step, the stimulus is processed at the associative level, where connections may be established between the verbal and imaginal codes and previously stored information.The dual coding model further assumes that the verbal information is sequentially processed, whereas visual information is simultaneously processed and encoded as both images and verbal traces. Coding redundancy (i. e. , two 152 KIM AND LENNON Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar codes are better than one) accounts for the picture superiority effect. This dual process results in superior memory responses to visual stimuli (Paivio & Csapo, 1973). Prior research findings in both psychology and consumer research generally support the picture superiority effe ct (Paivio & Foth, 1970; Peterson & McGee, 1974; Purnell & Solman, 1992).The picture superiority effect is generally attributed to the mental imagery elicited by visual stimuli (Paivio, 1969). Paivio (1971, pp. 135–136) defines mental visual imagery as a â€Å"memory code or associative mediator that provides spatially parallel information that mediates overt responses without necessarily being consciously experienced as a visual image. † Many media, especially advertising, rely greatly on visual and verbal information to present the advertised product. Albeit not exactly the same, the commercial Web sites present a picture of a product with verbal descriptions in a similar manner as in advertising.Recent e-commerce research supports the idea that the Internet works as an advertising medium (Joines, Scherer, & Scheufele, 2003; Joint & Waterhouse, 2003). Singh and Dalal (1999) contended that the commercial Web pages perform the same function as advertisements: to inform consumers of the product and to encourage consumers’ positive attitudes and behaviors toward the product. To date most prior research on the effects of visual and verbal information has been conducted in an advertising context and has generally supported the superior effects of visual information to verbal counterparts.Given the similarities between advertising and the Internet in product presentation, this study expects that the superior effects of visual information found in advertising are likely to hold in Internet shopping. Dual Processing Models of Attitudes A number of attitude researchers have proposed two characteristics of attitudes. The first characteristic proposed is that an attitude is a function of responses to the attitude object (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993) and the second characteristic is related to the evaluative nature of an attitude categorized as either good or bad.In spite of pervasive findings of the influence of affect on attitudes (Forgas, 1992: Schwarz, 1990), this view does not posit an affective component to attitudes. There has been disagreement among attitude researchers regarding where to place the affective component. Some researchers have attempted to distinguish affect from attitude by differentiating affect as a more temporary feeling state versus attitude as a more constant and general evaluation (Petty & Cacioppo, 1983), whereas others have expanded the scope of attitude to include all mental phenomena generating positive or negative evaluations (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993; Greenwald, 1968).Some researchers have embraced affect as a component of attitude but distinguished it from the cognitive component of attitude, which is a deliberate, conscious, and propositional THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION ON ATTITUDES Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar 153 thought process (Crites, Fabrigar, & Petty, 1994; Millar & Tesser, 1989). A more recent approach is to embrace both affective and cognitive responses as compon ents of attitudes, called â€Å"dual processing of attitudes† (Chen & Chaiken, 1999; Epstein & Pacini, 1999; Koriat & LevySadot, 1999).The cognitive component of attitude represents the deliberate, conscious, and propositional thought process, whereas the affective component of attitude represents immediate evaluation and emotional responses to the attitude object. Among many viable explanations, the heuristic-systematic model (Chen & Chaiken, 1999) identifies two basic modes (systematic vs. heuristic) by which people form attitudes and make social judgments. Systematic processing involves a relatively extensive and logical processing of judgment-relevant information, whereas heuristic processing involves the activation and use of judgment-relevant rules.Another group of attitude researchers posit two different judgment systems: an affect-based system and an information-based system (Koriat & Levy-Sadot, 1999). A third approach to dual processing of attitudes is proposed by E pstein and Pacini (1999). CEST (Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory) proposed two different information-processing systems: a preconscious experiential system and a conscious rational system. All three models delineate two components of attitudes; affective and cognitive attitudes.Based on the dual processing model of attitudes, visual information is posited to influence affective attitudes through imagery information processing, and verbal information is posited to influence cognitive attitudes through discursive information processing. Although it is possible that visual information may influence cognitive attitudes and vice versa, it is posited that the major influences on each component of attitudes are dependent on type of information (see Figure 1). Hypotheses Development Visual Information.Visual information can vary by picture size. Both psychology and advertising research has shown that picture size is positively related to memory and attitudes (Kossyln, 1980; Mitchell & Ols on, 1981; Rossiter & Percy, 1980, 1983). In an advertising context, when the same picture is used in different sizes, larger pictures engender significantly more favorable attitudes than the same picture in a smaller size. Rossiter and Percy (1978, 1983) found that a larger picture generated more positive effect on brand attitude than did a smaller picture.Imagery research suggests that elaborated imagery processing affects behavioral intention (McMahon, 1973), and a large picture better facilitates imagery processing (MacInnis & Price, 1987). As compared to a small picture, a large picture is likely to have a more positive influence on elaborated imagery processing and subsequently affect behavioral intention (Rossiter & Percy, 1978; Smith et al. , 1984). Better elaborated imagery processing increases perceived likelihood of an event (MacInnis & Price, 154 KIM AND LENNON Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar 987), and people who imagined themselves performing a behavior showed a significant increase in their behavioral intentions (Gregory, Cialdini, & Carpenter, 1982). Mitchell and Olson (1981) found that positively evaluated visual stimuli increased attitude toward and purchase intention for a product. Thus, the following hypotheses were developed. In the present study, picture size is posited to determine the level of visual information. H1: As compared to people exposed to less visual information, those exposed to more visual information will have more positive attitudes toward the product. a: affective attitude, b: cognitive attitude) H2: As compared to people exposed to less visual information, those exposed to more visual information will have greater purchase intentions. Amount of Verbal Information. Prior research emphasizes the importance of verbal information in purchase decisions, especially in non-store retailing. Spiller and Lohse (1998) conjectured that product descriptions available on the Internet are equivalent to salespeople’s serv ice at retail stores. Their analysis of 137 Internet retail stores revealed that good product descriptions influence ales in Internet shopping. Kim and Lennon (2000) posited that the perceived amount of verbal information moderates the level of perceived risk associated with television apparel shopping and subsequently increases purchase intentions. Other Internet shopping research further confirmed the positive role of product information on consumer behavior (Ballantine, 2005). Accordingly, the following hypotheses were developed. H3: As compared to people exposed to less verbal information, those exposed to more verbal information will have more positive attitudes toward the product. a: affective attitude, b: cognitive attitude) H4: As compared to people exposed to less verbal information, those exposed to more verbal information will have greater purchase intentions. In Internet retailing, the size of product pictures varies to a great extent and so does the amount of verbal pro duct information. According to a recent content analysis of Internet apparel retailers (Kim et al. , 2006), picture sizes substantially varied across 111 apparel retail Web sites that were fairly good representations of Internet apparel retailers. Picture size ranged from 100 100 pixels to 800 600 pixels across apparel retail Web sites.The researchers also found that the amount of verbal product information varied to a great extent across retail Web sites. When both visual and verbal information are available in Internet THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION ON ATTITUDES Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar 155 retailing, it is further expected that visual and verbal information interact to influence consumer responses to the product. Therefore, the following hypotheses were developed. H5: Visual and verbal information will interact to affect attitudes toward the product. a: affective attitude, b: cognitive attitude) H6: Visual and verbal information will interact to affe ct purchase intentions. Prior research findings in both psychology and consumer research support the picture superiority effect in consumer memory and attitudes (Paivio & Foth, 1970; Peterson & McGee, 1974; Purnell & Solman, 1992). Therefore, the following hypotheses were developed. H7: Visual information will explain more variance in attitudes than verbal information. H8: Visual information will explain more variance in purchase intentions than verbal information.METHODOLOGY This study employed a Web experiment using a mock retail Web site. According to Hantula (2005), Web experiments can be realistic and may be indistinguishable from real-life online interactions. For a mock Web site, a fictitious brand name was used to avoid any effects on attitudes and purchase intentions due to well-known brand names. A pretest was first conducted to develop visual and verbal stimuli for a mock Web site simulating Internet apparel shopping. The present study focused on apparel products consisti ng of multiple apparel categories such as tops, blouses, pants, skirts, and dresses.As a key type of item sold online (Internet Retailer, 2003), apparel requires sensory evaluation to make a purchase decision and thus is deemed appropriate for the present study. Stimulus Development Visual Stimuli. First, visual stimuli (pictures of apparel items) were developed by downloading apparel pictures from commercial Web sites. Apparel items were selected from commercial Web sites because items sold on commercial Web sites are expected to be desirable by target customers, thus encouraging research participants to engage in simulated online shopping.A total of 28 apparel items were initially selected, including woven shirts, knit tops, pants, skirts, dresses, sweaters, and jackets for women. To avoid extraneous factors, only pictures of garments without 156 KIM AND LENNON Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar models were selected. All pictures were shown on a body form. To assure a consis tent size of garments, all 28 items were tried on and adjusted to fit the dummy model with full body, developed using Adobe Photoshop. The same image size of pants and shirts do not reflect the same garment size because pants are longer than shirts.If their image sizes are the same, pants are probably smaller than shirts in terms of garment size. This problem was solved by fitting apparel items to the dummy body. Consistency in background, angle of photo shots, and the quality of pictures was achieved through a careful sampling process and touch-up using Photoshop. For the current research, the size of pictures was manipulated (small, large) to vary visual information. The small-size picture was one-fourth of the large-size picture. Verbal Stimuli.Verbal product information to accompany apparel items was created using evaluative criteria for apparel purchases developed by Eckman, Damhorst, and Kadolph (1990). Eckman et al. categorized apparel evaluative criteria into intrinsic and e xtrinsic attributes. First, intrinsic criteria refer to product attributes that cannot be changed or manipulated without changing the physical characteristics of the product itself (e. g. , style, fiber content). Extrinsic criteria refer to product attributes that are not component parts of the physical products but are created by the manufacturer or retailer (e. g. , price, brand name).Both intrinsic and extrinsic criteria are used in apparel purchase situations, but prior research shows that intrinsic criteria are more important to consumers than extrinsic criteria (Eckman et al. , 1990; Jacoby, Olson, & Haddock, 1971). In this study, extrinsic and intrinsic verbal stimuli were developed. The intrinsic criteria were (1) style (design features), (2) construction details, (3) fit, (4) fiber content (or fabric name), (5) care instruction, (6) color (also print information for printed fabrics), and (7) size; the one extrinsic criterion was (8) price. Amount of verbal information was m anipulated as high and low.The high amount of verbal information included all eight pieces of information; the low amount of verbal information included three pieces of intrinsic information (style, color, and size) and one piece of extrinsic information (price). This manipulation was based on prior research findings on consumer need for information in making apparel purchase decisions. When purchasing apparel, price, style, and color were the most frequently sought types of information, followed by fiber content (or fabric name), garment care instructions, brand name, and fit information (Davis, 1987; Martin, 1971).Thus, the low verbal condition included the most needed information (style, color, price) in addition to information about size. Size information was added because a shopper must choose a size to proceed with a purchase. For the high verbal condition, further information was added that consumers seek when purchasing apparel, such as fiber content (or fabric name), care i nstructions, and fit (Davis, 1987; Martin, 1971). Detailed style information THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION ON ATTITUDES Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar 157 nd construction details were also added to the high verbal condition, based on the suggestion that more sensory-oriented, tactile descriptions of a product are desired in Internet shopping (Park & Stoel, 2005). Therefore, the low verbal condition was designed to include information necessary to make an apparel purchase, whereas the high information condition was intended to include additional information that consumers are likely to desire when shopping for apparel online. Pretests A pretest of apparel pictures was first conducted to select visual stimuli for the main study and also to perform a manipulation check on verbal stimuli.The goal was to select apparel items that were neutral in terms of attractiveness, fashionableness, and likableness, to minimize the potential effect of apparel items per se on attitudes and purchase intentions (e. g. , a very attractive apparel item will be desired by many people regardless of presentation format). College women (n 44) participated in the pretest, using a mock Web site in exchange for course credit. During the pretest, all participants evaluated 28 apparel items in the same size (picture only) on attractiveness, fashionableness, and likableness measures, one apparel item at a time.Three evaluative measures used a 7-point rating scale from 1 (highly unattractive; highly unfashionable; highly unlikable) to 7 (highly attractive; highly fashionable; highly likable). To select neutral apparel stimuli, scores from the three evaluative measures for each apparel item were collapsed, based on the consistency of three measures (all s 0. 90). The possible summed scores per item ranged from 3 to 21. The 10 apparel items with the most neutral ratings on the three measures (summed scores ranged from 11 to 13; midpoint 12) were selected for the main stu dy.To assess order effects, three different presentation orders of the 28 apparel items were used in the pretest. MANOVA revealed no effect for presentation order [Wilks’s l 0. 94, F(6, 70) 0. 37, p 0. 90] on the three dependent variables (attractiveness, fashionableness, and likableness). During the pretest, a manipulation check of verbal stimuli was also conducted. After evaluating apparel items, participants were randomly assigned to one verbal condition (high vs. low) to evaluate their perceptions of the amount of verbal product information.For stimulus sampling purposes, two apparel items were evaluated in each verbal condition. Pretest participants were randomly assigned to one of the verbal conditions (high vs. low) and viewed both apparel items under their assigned condition. After viewing the items, participants rated the perceived amount of verbal information in the product description using a 7-point rating scale from 1 (very little) to 7 (very much). Responses evo ked by both outfits were summed ( 0. 85) and used as a measure of the perceived amount of information.One-way ANOVA was performed to examine the effect of the verbal manipulation on perceived amount of information 158 KIM AND LENNON Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar and found a main effect for verbal condition on perceived amount of information [F(1, 42) 6. 63, p . 05] Pretest participants exposed to the high amount of verbal information (M 11. 45, SD 2. 04) perceived more information than those exposed to the low amount of information (M 10. 00, SD 1. 69). Thus, the manipulation of the amount of verbal information was appropriately perceived by the pretest participants. Instrument Development Attitude Measures.Attitude items were adopted from Hirschman (1986). Affective attitudes were measured by attractiveness and likableness, and cognitive attitudes were measured by perceived amount of information and perceived usefulness of information. All attitude items used 7-point Lik ert scales with endpoints of 1 (strongly disagree) and 7 (strongly agree). Purchase Intention Measure. One item was used to measure Internet purchase intention. Adopted from Taylor and Baker (1994), this item addressed the intention to purchase an apparel item viewed during the Web experiment in a certain time frame (i. . , in the upcoming year) using a 7-point Likert rating scale with endpoints of 1 (strongly disagree) and 7 (strongly agree). Other Measures. Two items were developed to measure perceptions of picture size and amount of verbal information, respectively. Other items assessing prior experience with the Internet and Internet shopping and demographic information were also included. Except for demographic items, all items used 7-point rating scales. To enhance the realism of the experiment, this study used a Web experiment so that participants could participate when and where convenient.Unlike lab experiments in which participants use the same types of computers, the part icipants in this study could use various types of computers and monitors. Though improving realism, this method posed a concern due to additional variability with regard to picture size as a function of types of computers used to participate in the experiment. Therefore, information about types of computer, monitor size, and monitor resolution was collected to better interpret the results. Instructions were provided to participants about how to find the information about resolution of their monitors.EXPERIMENT 1 Procedure Experiment 1 was a 2 (Visual: Large vs. Small) 2 (Verbal: High vs. Low) between-subjects design. When participants logged onto the mock THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION ON ATTITUDES Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar 159 Web site, they were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment conditions and evaluated all 10 apparel items for stimulus sampling purposes (Fontenelle, Phillips, & Lane, 1985). Stimulus sampling is used so that results can be generalized over more than one stimulus (i. e. , to increase external validity).In this research, using 10 apparel items ensures that any significant effects are not due to idiosyncratic characteristics of a single stimulus. The order of presentation of the apparel items was completely randomized to distribute any order effects randomly over the four treatment conditions. Participants were instructed to assume that they had enough money to purchase any items they wished to buy, to minimize the effect of monetary constraints on purchase intentions. Participants College women (n 159) enrolled at a large Midwestern university participated in a Web experiment in exchange for course credit.College women were recruited for the study because young women comprise a significant portion of Internet shoppers. According to Internet Retailer (2004c), they make up 63% of shoppers at online apparel and beauty sites. Additionally, research evidence supports that college students do not differ from typical consumers in terms of beliefs and attitudes (Duvasula et al. , 1997). After eliminating unusable responses due to incomplete questionnaires, there were 145 usable questionnaires. The mean age of participants was 22 (see Table 1).More than 80% of participants were juniors or seniors. Over 88% of participants owned PCs and almost 95% of them had Internet access at home. Results Manipulation Checks. After completing the dependent measures, participants rated the perceived picture size and perceived amount of verbal information. As anticipated, ANOVA results indicated that actual picture size had a significant effect on perceived size of picture [F (1, 143) 184. 02, p . 001] and actual amount of verbal information had a significant effect on perceived amount of verbal information [F(1, 143) 56. 9, p . 001]. Participants who viewed large pictures perceived pictures to be larger (M 5. 07, SD 1. 06) than those who viewed small pictures (M 2. 43, SD 1. 28). Participants exposed to the high amount of verbal information perceived more verbal information (M 5. 23, SD 1. 18) than those exposed to the low amount of information (M 3. 55, SD 1. 48). Thus, experimental manipulations were successful. Preliminary Analysis. Participants evaluated all 10 apparel items on the four attitudinal items and purchase intention. After checking reliabilities (all s 0. 0), scores for each item were collapsed for all 10 apparel 160 KIM AND LENNON Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of Participants. Experiment 1 (n 145) Characteristics Age 20 20–25 26–30 30 Academic standing Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior Graduate student Own PC Yes No Access to the Internet Yes No Monitor size Smaller than 15? 15? –17? 19? –21? Bigger than 21? Monitor resolution 640 480 800 600 1024 768 Others f 12 121 8 4 3 12 62 58 10 128 17 137 8 12 93 34 6 4 93 45 3 % 8. 3 83. 4 5. 5 2. 8 2. 1 8. 3 42. 8 40. 0 6. 9 88. 3 11. 7 94. 5 5. 8. 3 64. 1 23. 5 4. 1 2. 8 64. 1 31. 0 2. 1 f 15 133 1 1 1 18 74 55 2 122 28 144 6 15 102 30 3 11 84 48 7 Experiment 2 (n 150) % 10. 0 88. 7 0. 7 0. 7 0. 7 12. 0 49. 3 36. 7 1. 3 81. 3 18. 7 96. 0 4. 0 10. 0 68. 0 20. 0 2. 0 7. 3 56. 0 32. 0 4. 7 stimuli. Scores for each stimulus ranged from 10 to 70 (10 stimuli with a 7-point rating scale). Then the two items tapping affective attitudes were summed ( 0. 97); likewise the two items tapping cognitive attitudes were summed ( 0. 96). Affective attitude scores ranged from 20 to 140 and cognitive attitude scores ranged from 20 to 138.Purchase intention scores ranged from 10 to 67. Analyses. All hypothesized relationships were initially examined in a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with affective and cognitive attitudinal responses to apparel stimuli and purchase intention as dependent variables; visual information varied by picture size and verbal information varied by the amount of product information were the independent variabl es. Results indicated that amount of verbal information was significantly related to the set of dependent variables [Wilks’s 0. 82, F(3, 139) 10. 17, p . 0001].Follow-up univariate analyses of THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION ON ATTITUDES Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar 161 variance indicated that the amount of verbal information was related to both affective [F(1, 141) 6. 9, p . 05, 2 0. 04] and cognitive [F(1, 141) 30. 74, p . 0001, 2 0. 17] attitudes. Participants exposed to more verbal information about the product expressed stronger affective attitudes (M 95. 07, SD 21. 53) than those exposed to less verbal information (M 85. 25, SD 24. 72). Also, participants exposed to more verbal information exhibited stronger cognitive attitudes (M 112. 6, SD 19. 40) than those exposed to less verbal information (M 89. 34, SD 29. 38). Therefore, H3a and H3b positing the effects of verbal information on affective and cognitive attitudes were supported. No main eff ect for verbal information on purchase intention was found, and no significant multivariate effect was found for visual information or the interaction. Thus, the remaining hypotheses were not supported. Post-hoc Analysis. Results from Experiment 1 were surprising in that no effects for visual information were found, despite evidence from previous literature supporting picture superiority.Picture size had no effect on affective attitudes, whereas the amount of verbal information had a significant effect on affective attitudes. Additional analyses were performed to see whether participant perceptions of visual and verbal information have different effects on attitudes and purchase intentions. Simple regression analyses were performed using perceived picture size and perceived amount of information as independent variables and both components of attitudes and purchase intention as dependent variables. Simple regression analyses revealed that perceived picture size was positively relate d to affective attitudes [F(1, 143) 19. 0, p . 0001] and also to cognitive attitudes [ F(1, 143) 5. 40, p . 05]. Perceived amount of verbal information was also a significant predictor of affective attitudes [F(1, 143) 23. 32, p . 0001] and cognitive attitudes [F(1, 143) 155. 12, p . 0001]. Further, both perceived picture size and perceived amount of verbal information were significant predictors of purchase intention [F(1, 143) 14. 34, p . 0001; F(1, 143) 17. 52, p . 0001, respectively]. Whereas objectively manipulated picture size had no effect on either affective or cognitive attitudes, perceived picture size was a significant predictor of both components of attitudes.In addition, both visual and verbal information had a significant influence on purchase intention when participant perceptions of picture size and amount of verbal information were used instead of objectively manipulated visual and verbal information. Examination of monitor size and monitor resolution provided usefu l insights to explain why there were no effects for visual information as hypothesized. Monitor size used for the experiment greatly varied from 15? to 21? (see Table 1). For resolution, about 64% of participants used 800 600 pixels and 31% used 1024 768 pixels.Thus, although picture size was objectively manipulated in the experiment, the actual size of pictures that participants saw during the experiment varied depending on both the size and resolution of monitors used to participate in the 162 KIM AND LENNON Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar study. Although participants were instructed to participate in this study by logging onto the Web site when and where convenient in order to enhance the realism of the Internet shopping context, variations in monitor size and resolution may have confounded true effects of visual information.To avoid such problems, Experiment 2 was conducted to expose participants to all four treatment conditions. In this way, although actual picture siz e viewed by participants might vary depending on monitor size and resolution, participants could see relative differences between large and small pictures. This context is also more realistic, given that in actual Internet shopping situations picture sizes vary greatly across different retail Web sites as do shoppers’ computer monitors. EXPERIMENT 2 Procedure Experiment 2 was a 2 (Visual: Large vs.Small) 2 (Verbal: High vs. Low) within-subjects design. Eight apparel items were selected from the 10 items used in Experiment 1 by eliminating two items deemed inappropriate due to seasonal change. Participants were exposed to all four visual by verbal treatment conditions and evaluated two apparel items in each condition, for a total of eight apparel items rated. Sixteen different presentation orders of the experimental conditions were used to balance out order effects. The presentation order of eight apparel items was fully randomized.The questionnaire used in Experiment 2 was mo dified from the questionnaire used in Experiment 1 by eliminating the questions about perceptions of picture size and amount of information. Aside from these differences, the stimulus materials, procedures, independent variables, and dependent variables were identical to those of Experiment 1. Scores on the dependent variables were collapsed for two apparel items within each treatment condition. Participants College women (n 160) enrolled at a large Midwestern university participated in a Web experiment in exchange for course credit.Participants in Experiment 2 did not overlap with participants in Experiment 1. After eliminating unusable responses due to incomplete questionnaires, there were 150 useable questionnaires. The mean age of the participants was 21 (see Table 1). A majority of participants were juniors or seniors. More than 81% of participants owned PCs and 96% of them had Internet access at home. Overall, demographic characteristics of participants in Experiment 2 were si milar to participants in Experiment 1. THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION ON ATTITUDES Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 002/mar 163 Results Repeated measures MANOVA involving all dependent measures indicated that one or more dependent variables differed by visual information [Wilks’s 0. 91, F (3, 147) 5. 06, p . 01], by verbal information [Wilks’s 0. 31, F (3, 147) 108. 00, p . 0001], and by an interaction between visual and verbal information [Wilks’s 0. 92, F (3, 147) 4. 15, p . 01]. Follow-up repeated measures ANOVAs for visual information found that visual information had significant main effects on affective [F(1, 149) 7. 73, p . 01, 2 0. 04] and cognitive attitudes [F(1, 149) 11. 63, p . 1, 2 0. 07], thus supporting H1a and H1b. Purchase intention was not related to visual information, thus failing to support H2. Subsequent ANOVAs for verbal information indicated that amount of verbal information had significant main effects on affective [F(1, 149 ) 23. 50, p . 0001, 2 0. 13] and cognitive attitudes [F(1, 149) 289. 57, p . 0001, 2 0. 70]. Purchase intention was also significantly related to the amount of verbal information [F(1, 149) 7. 64, p . 01, 2 0. 04]. H3a, H3b, and H4 positing the main effects of verbal information on dependent variables were all supported.Follow up ANOVAs were further conducted for interactions (see Figure 2). Results indicated that visual by verbal interaction effects were significant for cognitive attitudes [F(1, 149) 9. 68, p . 01, 2 0. 05] and purchase intentions [F(1, 149) 3. 95, p . 05, 2 0. 02]. Simple effects tests revealed that the effect of visual information on cognitive attitudes was significant [F(1, 149) 17. 30, p . 0001] only when the amount of verbal information was low. When the amount of verbal information was low, participants who viewed the large picture exhibited more positive cognitive attitudes (M 18. 6, SD 4. 68) than those who viewed the small picture (M 16. 92, SD 4. 70). Thi s difference was larger when the amount of verbal information was low rather than when the amount of verbal information was high. The effect of verbal information on cognitive attitudes was significant both when picture size was large [F(1, 149) 182. 81, p . 0001] and small [F(1, 149) 268. 20, p . 0001]. Data supported H5b, but not H5a. Simple effects tests further indicated that the effect of visual information on purchase intention was significant when the amount of verbal information was low [F(1, 149) 5. 9, p . 05] (see Figure 2). When the amount of verbal information was low, participants who viewed large pictures (M 7. 05, SD 3. 08) exhibited stronger purchase intentions than those who viewed small pictures (M 6. 50, SD 2. 81). Simple effects tests also indicated that the effect of verbal information on purchase intention was significant when small pictures were used [ F(1, 149) 10. 52, p . 01]. When exposed to small pictures, participants who received more verbal information (M 7. 30, SD 3. 08) expressed stronger purchase intentions than those who received less verbal information (M 6. 0, SD 2. 81). H6 was thus supported. 164 KIM AND LENNON Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar 24 23. 32 22. 97 Purchase Intentions 7. 3 7. 2 7. 30 7. 23 7. 05 Verbal Info High Low Cognitive Attitudes 22 Verbal Info 20 18. 36 18 16. 92 High Low 7. 1 7. 0 6. 9 6. 8 6. 7 6. 6 16 Large Small 6. 5 Large 6. 50 Small Picture Size Picture Size Figure 2. Visual by verbal interaction. H7 and H8 posited that visual information varied by picture size would explain more variance in attitudes and purchase intentions than verbal information.Omega squared ( A2) was used to assess the relative importance of each of the independent variables. According to Cohen’s (1977) guidelines, 2 0. 15 is a large effect, 2 0. 06 is a medium effect, and 2 0. 01 is a small effect. As shown in Table 2, verbal information had a larger effect on attitudes than visual information. Contrary to predi ction of H7, verbal information accounted for 13% of the total variance in affective attitudes, whereas 4% was accounted for by visual information. For cognitive attitudes, verbal information accounted for 10 times more variance than visual information ( 2 0. 0 vs. 2 0. 07) in cognitive attitudes. In regards to purchase intention, verbal information had a moderate effect on purchase intention ( 2 0. 04), whereas visual information did not have a significant effect. Discussion The present study examined how different presentation formats in Internet shopping influence consumer attitudes toward the product and subsequent purchase intention. Extending visual and verbal research in advertising into the Internet shopping context, this study investigated the effects of visual and verbal information on consumer responses.Table 2. Comparisons of Effects ( Experiment 2. 2 A ) of Visual and Verbal Information in Visual by verbal interaction ns 0. 05 0. 02 Visual information Affective attitude Cognitive attitude Purchase intention 0. 04 0. 07 ns Verbal information 0. 13 0. 70 0. 04 THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION ON ATTITUDES Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar 165 Table 3. Summary of Experiment 1 and 2. Experiment 2 (within-subjects design) MANOVA Visual Sig. ** Sig. ** ns Verbal Sig. **** Sig. **** Sig. **Experiment 1 (between-subjects design) MANOVA Visual Affective attitudes Cognitive attitudes Purchase intentions *p . 05. **p . 01. ***p . 001. ****p . 0001. Regression Perceived visual Sig. **** Sig. * Sig. **** Perceived verbal Sig. **** Sig. **** Sig. **** Verbal Sig. * Sig. **** ns ns ns ns As summarized in Table 3, the findings showed that both visual and verbal information have significant effects on consumers’ affective and cognitive attitudes toward apparel products. However, only verbal information had a significant effect on purchase intention.One noteworthy finding is that when consumer perceptions of picture size and the amount of verbal information were used instead of actual picture size and amount of verbal information, both visual and verbal information significantly influenced both affective and cognitive attitudes and also affected purchase intentions. The findings further support verbal superiority in product presentation in Internet shopping. This is contrary to the predicted visual superiority based on previous literature supporting picture superiority and need for sensory evaluation for apparel products.Although it was anticipated that visual information would have stronger effects on consumer attitudes toward apparel products, especially affective responses, and purchase intentions, the results of the study suggest verbal superiority for both attitudes (affective and cognitive) and purchase intention. Based on the guidelines for effect sizes ( 2) of Cohen (1977), it was observed that verbal information had large effects for both affective and cognitive attitudes and had a moderate effect on purchas e intention.Although both visual and verbal information had significant effects on affective attitudes, visual information had a weaker impact on affective attitudes than verbal information. In regards to cognitive attitudes, both visual and verbal information influenced cognitive attitudes, and verbal information had a stronger impact on cognitive attitudes as expected. The effect of visual information on cognitive attitudes was significant only when the amount of verbal information was low and it was a medium effect. Regarding purchase intentions, verbal information had a significant effect only when small pictures were used, and it was a small effect.Although the findings of verbal superiority were unexpected, the findings of the study are generally consistent with findings in Smith (1991). In an 166 KIM AND LENNON Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar advertising context, Smith found that the effect of visual information was dominant only when visual information conveys diffe rent messages from verbal claims. When both visual and verbal information conveyed the same message, Smith found that inferences based on visual stimuli were weaker than inferences based on verbal claims due to higher uncertainty associated with visual stimuli.Verbal information in an ad makes explicit, specific claims about product attributes or performance, which facilitate inferences about unknown information about a product. On the contrary, claims made using visual information tend to be less explicit and less specific, which is likely to result in a heightened uncertainty of inferences. Thus, in the present study, it is possible that the effect of visual information was lessened compared to verbal information because both visual and verbal stimuli conveyed the same messages about the product to some extent, especially for style information and construction details.In addition, the way visual and verbal stimuli were manipulated in this study may have contributed to the stronger effects of verbal information than visual information. For visual stimuli, picture size was manipulated such that a small picture was one-fourth of a large picture. Despite the size difference, the same pictures were used. However, for verbal stimuli, the amount of verbal information was manipulated such that a low verbal condition did not include four pieces of intrinsic information that were provided in the high verbal condition.Therefore, the difference between high and low verbal conditions (i. e. , absence of information) may be larger than the difference between visual condition groups, resulting in larger effects of verbal information. Indeed, visual information had a significant impact on both affective and cognitive attitudes, albeit weaker effects than verbal information. Another plausible explanation of the findings of the study is that perhaps verbal product information used in this study evoked imagery information processing in addition to discursive information proces sing because of concrete verbal stimuli (e. . , construction details of apparel). Imagery processing can be induced by a number of external sources. Pictures are the most well-known predictor of imagery (Paivio, 1971; Shepard, 1967). The superiority of visual information has been attributed to the imagery induced by visual information as compared to discursive information processing by verbal information (Childers & Houston, 1984; Lutz & Lutz, 1977; Paivio, 1971). In addition to pictures, concrete verbal stimuli can stimulate imagery processing (Paivio & Csapo, 1973; Paivio & Foth, 1970; Richardson, 1980).The level of the concreteness of words was found to be significantly related to the level of imagery value (Pavio, Yuille, & Madigan, 1968). Paivio (1971) also posited that the verbal superiority of high imagery values can occur. In this study, the difference between high and low verbal conditions was the amount of product information, especially intrinsic product information inclu ding construction/style details, fit, fiber/fabric information, and care instructions. THE EFFECTS OF VISUAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION ON ATTITUDES Psychology & Marketing DOI: 10. 1002/mar 167In particular, construction details and style information provide concrete information about apparel products (e. g. , the pointed collar and barrel cuffs, pearl buttons for front closure, rounded shirt bottom, and single chest pocket; two layers of silk with a sheer top, a pattern of slender roses with delicate, thorny stems in deep brown and green, transparent seed and bugle beads across the upper layer). Such verbal information may have led participants to engage in imagery information processing as well as discursive information processing evoked by other verbal messages.Additionally, previous research supports that the effects of visual and verbal stimuli are interactive in such a way that the addition of verbal stimuli that explains the message conveyed by visual stimuli enhances the use of imagery processing (Bower, Karlin, & Dueck, 1975; Childers & Houston, 1984). Concrete verbal descriptions of style information and construction details of apparel items may have helped participants interpret the picture of the item and thus may have stimulated imagery processing. These interpretations may explain why verbal information had stronger effects on both affective and cognitive attitudes.The concept of perceptual fluency provides useful insights to interpret the findings of the study. Concrete verbal descriptions used in this study are likely to improve perceptual fluency (e. g. , the ease of identifying the physical identity of the stimulus). The availability of concrete verbal infor